scholarly journals Economic Geology Models 5. Specialty, Critical, Battery, Magnet and Photovoltaic Materials: Market Facts, Projections and Implications for Exploration and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Simandl ◽  
George J. Simandl ◽  
Suzanne Paradis
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Metal Extraction ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Considerable Uncertainty ◽  
Photovoltaic Materials ◽  
Small Market ◽  
Specialty Metals

Many exploration companies are now focusing on specialty materials that are associated with so-called ‘green technology’. These include ‘battery materials’, ‘magnet materials’ and ‘photovoltaic materials’, and many such commodities are also broadly labelled as ‘critical materials’ because they are seen as vital for industrial development, societal needs or national security. The definitions used for such materials are not always consistent among jurisdictions or across industry, and this paper attempts to clarify the criteria and address some common misconceptions. The distinction between major minerals (e.g. base metals) and ‘specialty materials’ (i.e. those mined or produced in much smaller amounts) is particularly important.   The markets for many specialty materials are growing faster than those for traditional ferrous, precious and base metals and they are often portrayed as excellent long-term investment opportunities. However, the small market bases for specialty materials and considerable uncertainty around growth projections (especially related to material substitutions and rapid technological change) need to be taken into consideration for objective assessment of the development potential of any proposed project, establishment of new supply chains by major corporations, and responsible decision-making (mineral policy) by government. In the short-term, projects aimed at specialty materials (materials with a small market base) cannot benefit from economy of scale, and their development hinges on commercially proven metallurgical processes, unless they are supported by governments or end-users.   Several specialty metals (e.g. germanium, indium, cadmium, and cobalt) are commonly obtained as by-product of base metal extraction. In such cases, systematic testing of base metal ores for their specialty metal content may justify the addition of relevant recovery circuits to existing smelters. If positive results are obtained, the need for targeting new sources of such specialty metals as primary exploration targets may be reduced or eliminated.   Where market conditions permit and concerns about the future availability of materials seem reliable, grass-roots exploration for specialty materials is warranted, and pre-competitive government involvement may be justified to promote such development efforts.

scholarly journals Does the Low-Carbon City Pilot Policy Promote Green Technology Innovation? Based on Green Patent Data of Chinese A-Share Listed Companies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3695
Author(s):  
Jintao Ma ◽  
Qiuguang Hu ◽  
Weiteng Shen ◽  
Xinyi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Corporate Financing ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Low Carbon City ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Share

To cope with climate change and achieve sustainable development, low-carbon city pilot policies have been implemented. An objective assessment of the performance of these policies facilitates not only the implementation of relevant work in pilot areas, but also the further promotion of these policies. This study uses A-share listed enterprises from 2005 to 2019 and creates a multi-period difference-in-differences model to explore the impact of low-carbon city pilot policies on corporate green technology innovation from multiple dimensions. Results show that (1) low-carbon city pilot policies stimulates the green technological innovation of enterprises as manifested in their application of green invention patents; (2) the introduction of pilot policies is highly conducive to green technological innovation in eastern cities and enterprises in high-carbon emission industries; and (3) tax incentives and government subsidies are important fiscal and taxation tools that play the role of pilot policies in low-carbon cities. By alleviating corporate financing constraints, these policies effectively promote the green technological innovation of enterprises. This study expands the research on the performance of low-carbon city pilot policies and provides data support for a follow-up implementation and promotion of policies from the micro perspective at the enterprise level.

Green Technology for Industrial Development in Colombia

2022 ◽  
pp. 231-253
Author(s):  
Danilo Piaggesi ◽  
Helena Landazuri ◽  
Bo Jia
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Pilot Test ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
The Republic

Colombia's economy is the fourth largest in Latin America. Though there has been significant growth in modern industries, most industries are still driven by agriculture and commodities. The main challenges Colombian industries face include becoming more energy-efficient, modernizing processes and organizational structures, and reducing their environmental impact. In the meantime, the Republic of Korea has made significant efforts to fuel its economy through innovation, and there is also a similarity in terms of both countries' interest and commitment to use ICT as a basis for their growth. This chapter presents a project that is a pilot test of adaptive transfer of “green” ICT technology innovation developed by specialized agencies/private sector in the Republic of Korea, to be applied to a host of Colombian industrial sectors volunteering to participate with the purpose of improving production through environmentally friendly technology.

scholarly journals Green technologies in sustainable urban planning

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 05029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suaad Laffta ◽  
Areaj Al-rawi
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Development Orientation

The world is facing many environmental and economic problems resulting from rapid urbanization and over-exploitation of available resources as well as due to the dramatic increase of the population and corresponding increases in the number of cities. Technological and industrial development plays a big role in these problems. As a result, the term green technology became as a tool to solve these problems with an orientation towards sustainable development at all levels. , It seems to be very effective tool in modern urban planning which incorporates of all aspects of planning such as infrastructure and industry, energy, telecommunications, transportation and other vital areas in cities. These technologies are environment friendly inventions that often involve - energy efficiency, recycling, safety and health concerns, renewable resources, and more. Green technologies include several forms of technology that help to minimize negative effects on the environment and create new ways to achieve sustainable development. This paper is about green technology and its role in sustainable urban planning, it aims to clarify the most important areas for the application of this technology and the benefits provided by these technologies in improving the lives of the population in cities and a development orientation towards sustainability.

Evaluation of Optimal Conditions for D-Tube Brazing

2008 ◽  
Vol 33-37 ◽  
pp. 1345-1350 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.K. Joo ◽  
Yi Qi Wang ◽  
H.T. Yang ◽  
W.C. Lee ◽  
C.Y. Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Test ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Filler Metal ◽  
Metal Layer ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Counter Diffusion

The microstructures and mechanical properties of OFHC copper/STKM 11A for D-tube joints brazed using BAg filler metal at 870 °C for 20 minutes in NH3 atmospheres were performed. Interfacial microstructures were observed in reaction layer. A brazing strength causes of decline with defects of pin hole and base metal by lack of penetration. In tensile test, the properties of joints clearance of 0.01mm are better than other joints clearance that has yield strength of elasticity area with the brazing length of 2.5mm, and also suitable for the case of brazing length of 5.0mm. According to the results of FEA (finite element analysis) on the tensile test, the maximum stress and strain were generated apart from the interface in large deformation. Diffused layer was formed by counter diffusion action of base metal and filler metal layer, and crack between two base metals was not discovered. This is the main reason that fracture of test piece does not appear in copper base metal, and brazing department forms good junctures.

Commercialization of bioleaching for base-metal extraction

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Miller ◽  
M. K. Rhodes ◽  
R. Winby ◽  
A. Pinches ◽  
P. J. van Staden
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Metal Extraction

scholarly journals Synthesis of Metallic Nanocrystals: From Noble Metals to Base Metals

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liuyang Bai ◽  
Yuge Ouyang ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Zhi Xu ◽  
Wenfu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Metal ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Oriented Attachment ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Catalytic Activities ◽  
Metal Nanocrystals ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Specific Synthesis ◽  
Oswald Ripening

Metallic nanocrystals exhibit superior properties to their bulk counterparts because of the reduced sizes, diverse morphologies, and controllable exposed crystal facets. Therefore, the fabrication of metal nanocrystals and the adjustment of their properties for different applications have attracted wide attention. One of the typical examples is the fabrication of nanocrystals encased with high-index facets, and research on their magnified catalytic activities and selections. Great accomplishment has been achieved within the field of noble metals such as Pd, Pt, Ag, and Au. However, it remains challenging in the fabrication of base metal nanocrystals such as Ni, Cu, and Co with various structures, shapes, and sizes. In this paper, the synthesis of metal nanocrystals is reviewed. An introduction is briefly given to the metal nanocrystals and the importance of synthesis, and then commonly used synthesis methods for metallic nanocrystals are summarized, followed by specific examples of metal nanocrystals including noble metals, alloys, and base metals. The synthesis of base metal nanocrystals is far from satisfactory compared to the tremendous success achieved in noble metals. Afterwards, we present a discussion on specific synthesis methods suitable for base metals, including seed-mediated growth, ligand control, oriented attachment, chemical etching, and Oswald ripening, based on the comprehensive consideration of thermodynamics, kinetics, and physical restrictions. At the end, conclusions are drawn through the prospect of the future development direction.

scholarly journals Metals in subduction related magmatism: Insights from melt inclusions and associated glassy groundmass from the Southern Kermadec Arc, New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Jacob Leath
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Mantle Source ◽  
Melt Inclusions ◽  
Crystal Fractionation ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Arc Magmas ◽  
Vms Deposits ◽  
Arc Setting ◽  
Back Arc

<p>The southern Kermadec Arc – Havre Trough (SKAHT) is an intra-oceanic arc – back-arc system where the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Australian plate. The Kermadec volcanic arc front consists of 33 volcanic centres, four of which host hydrothermal mineralization (Brothers, Haungaroa, Rumble II West, and Clark) such as volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, which are characterised by high concentrations of base and precious metals (e.g., Au, Cu, Zn, Pb). The sources of these metals are strongly tied to the metal contents within underlying magmatic rocks and associated magmatic systems with which the hydrothermal fluids interact. Understanding the sources, movements, and accumulation of metals associated with porphyry copper and exhalative base metal deposits within a subduction – arc setting remains limited.  This study reports major, trace, and volatile element contents in basaltic groundmass glasses and olivine-hosted melt inclusions from lavas from four locations within the arc – back-arc setting of the SKAHT. The focus is on understanding the controls on base metal (Pb, Cu, Zn, Mo, V) contents in the magmas. The sample locations, Rumble III and Rumble II West volcanoes, and back-arc Basins D and I, form an arc-perpendicular transect extending from arc front into the back-arc. The analysed melt inclusion and groundmass glasses are all basalt to basaltic andesite in composition, with back-arc basin samples more mafic than arc front volcano samples. The magmatic evolution of the melts is primarily controlled by crystal fractionation of olivine + pyroxene + plagioclase. All glasses have undergone variable degassing, indicated by an absence of detectable CO₂ and curvilinear decreases in S contents with increasing SiO₂. Of the volatile phases analysed, only Cl appears unaffected by degassing.  Distinct compositional differences are apparent between arc front and back-arc melts. The arc front magmas formed from higher degrees of melting of a less fertile mantle source and are more enriched in trace elements then the back-arc magmas due to greater additions of slab-derived aqueous fluids to their source. Magmas from a single arc front volcano (Rumble II West) incorporate melts that have tapped variably enriched sources, indicating heterogeneity of the mantle at small scales. Significant variation in mantle composition, however, is also apparent laterally along strike of the arc. Rumble III volcano and Basin I lie on an arc-perpendicular transect south of Rumble II West volcano and Basin D. Their greater enrichment in trace elements and higher concentrations of base metals than Rumble II West and Basin D lavas can be attributed to higher fluxes of subduction derived components.  Base metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mo, and V) are variably enriched in the SKAHT melts compared with typical mid-ocean ridge basalts with relative enrichments in the order Pb >> Cu > Mo, V > Zn. All metals appear to be affected by mantle metasomatism related to slab-derived fluids, either directly from slab components introduced to the mantle source (e.g., Pb) or through mobilisation of metals within the ambient mantle wedge. The apparently compatible behaviour of Zn, Cu, and V in the mantle means that these elements may be enriched in arc front magmas relative to back-arc magmas by higher degrees of partial melting and/or melting of more depleted sources.  All base metals behave incompatibly in the magma during crystal fractionation between 48 – 56 wt.% SiO₂. Lead and Cu concentrations, however, begin to level out from ~ 52 wt.% SiO₂ suggesting some subsequent loss to fractionating volatile phases as metal sulfide complexes. Rumble III samples show a decrease in metal concentration (Pb, Cu, V), from melt inclusions to groundmass glasses, suggestive of more significant loss associated with sulfur degassing.  Although other factors such as heat generation, hydrothermal flow, fault systems, and magma venting are key in the development of VMS deposits, this study shows that variations in subduction parameters can significantly affect metal concentrations in arc magmas that may host hydrothermal systems, and hence the amount of metals available to be scavenged into the deposits.</p>

The Effect of Element Ag and P in Dissolving Action and Mechanical Performance of the Welds during Weld Brazing of Copper

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 1151-1154
Author(s):  
Yi Nan Li ◽  
Zi Long Peng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Solid Solubility ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Binary Alloys ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
The Difference

Dissolving action of Ag and P during weld brazing of thick copper plates without preheating was investigated and the mechanical performance of the weld of copper was analyzed. The difference of dissolving action between Ag and P is that Ag-Cu binary alloys dissolve base metals in form of body dissolution, while P diffuse into grain boundary first and reach the limit solid solubility gradually then the surface layer of base metal begins to dissolving. The stirring function of arc is important for dissolving action of P but has little effect on dissolving action of Ag. P in form of rigid and brittle Cu3P increases the micro-hardness of welds.

scholarly journals Innovative Green Technology for Sustainable Industrial Estate Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
R. Hadiwijoyo ◽  
P. Purwanto ◽  
Sudharto P. Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Industrial Park ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Industrial Estate

Sustainable industrial development requires a balance between economic growth,equity and environment. Two major components of industrial development are energy and rawmaterials. To minimize the environmental impacts of energy and raw materials, important stepsare required to deal with the green economy and global warming issues. The use of innovationtechnology to industrial gas emission is a preventive solution facing global warming. A research hasbeen done in Industrial Estate in Cilegon (IEC) Banten province, Indonesia, to see how to reduceenergy demand and encourage uses of more environmentally-friendly energy in the estate. Fossilenergy needs in the industrial estate were analyzed to see the opportunities of energy saving andrenewable energy development. The target to be achieved is to reduce the greenhouse gasemissions and improve the energy efficiency in the industrial park.

TIG welding-brazing joints of aluminum-stainless steel with different thickness of base metals

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 404
Author(s):  
Huan He ◽  
Wenqin Gou ◽  
Yan Jing ◽  
Sanbao Lin ◽  
Chunli Yang
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Tig Welding ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Base Metals ◽  
Material Fracture ◽  
Welded Seam ◽  
Different Thickness

The aluminum and stainless steel plates with different thickness (1.5, 3 and 4 mm) were joined by TIG welding-brazing process, respectively. The welding procedures, appearance, microstructures and mechanical behavior of the joints were investigated and analyzed. Results showed that reliable welding-brazing joints could be obtained with appropriate welding procedures. The thicker the base metal, the thicker the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer, and the lower the mechanical properties of the joints. There existed obvious microstructure and strength nonhomogeneity along the interface from the top to the bottom of the joint with 3 mm or thicker base metals. The fracture positions of the joints were different from each other. With 1.5 mm base metal, fracture occurred at the aluminum fusion side. While with 3 mm base material, fracture derived from the IMC layer at the root of the steel groove and subsequently occurred at the welded seam. Using 4 mm base metal, crack located mainly at the brazing interface. The differences of the mechanical behavior of the joints were mainly attributed to the change of IMC thickness.

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