scholarly journals The Unintended Consequences of Antipiracy Laws on Markets with Asymmetric Piracy: The Case of the French Movie Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 1064-1086
Author(s):  
Christophe Bellégo ◽  
Romain De Nijs
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Side Effect ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Movie Industry ◽  
Asymmetric Effects ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Online Piracy

In many markets of the digital economy, some products are more prone to online piracy than some of their substitutes. These situations of asymmetric online piracy distort the competition between products. Using the French antipiracy law known as HADOPI (Haute Autorité pour la diffusion des œuvres et la protection des droits d'auteur sur internet) as a natural experiment, we study the asymmetric effects of online piracy on cinema admissions. Applying four estimation strategies at different levels of observation (town, movie, country, and consumer), we find that introduction of the law is associated with a 9% increase in the market share of American movies but that this increase occurs at the expense of other movies. These findings primarily originate from a high initial level of asymmetric piracy between American and other movies. This asymmetry was attenuated by the antipiracy law, resulting in a fiercer competition between movies and, as a side effect, in a decrease in the legal consumption of less-pirated products. These results have important implications for firms whose profits may be affected by legislation fighting piracy as well as for governments for the design of their policy.

scholarly journals The Buck Stops Where? Federalism, Uncertainty, and Investment in the Brazilian Water and Sanitation Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Plous Kresch
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Total System ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Regulatory Uncertainty ◽  
System Access ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

This paper documents how regulatory uncertainty may undermine public service when different levels of government share a mandate on public service provision. I examine the Brazilian water and sanitation sector, which presents a natural experiment of shared provision between state and municipal companies. Using a difference-in-differences framework, I study a legal reform that clarified the relationship between municipal and state providers and eliminated any takeover threat by state companies. I find that after the reform, municipal companies almost doubled their total system investment, leading to significant increases in system access and decreases in child mortality. (JEL H77, L95, O13, O18, Q53)

POTASSIUM-SUPPLYING POWER OF SOME CANADIAN SOILS

1961 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Initial Level ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Canadian Soils ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Exchangeable Form

The amounts of exchangeable potassium in surface samples of 11 Canadian soils were significantly correlated with uptake of potassium by plants in the greenhouse. Per cent K-saturation and water-soluble potassium were indicative of the percentage of K-uptake that was derived from soil potassium in exchangeable form at the time of seeding.Amounts of non-exchangeable potassium extracted from the soils by repeated boiling in 1 N HNO3, by H-saturated exchange resin, and by continuous leaching with 0.01 N HCl were significantly correlated with each other and with the amounts of this form of potassium removed by plants.Following cropping, release of non-exchangeable potassium to exchangeable form during moist incubation of the samples for 112 days was slight. When samples containing different levels of exchangeable potassium were incubated moist for 13 months and then wetted and dried five times, potassium tended to be released to exchangeable form or converted to non-exchangeable form depending on initial level established. The degree of K-saturation at which potassium in six Ontario soils would be expected to be at equilibrium was estimated by regression to be 1.21 per cent. There was evidence that the degree of K-saturation for equilibrium in a Brown soil from Saskatchewan was at least 4.5 per cent.

scholarly journals Impact of Oxycodone HCl Extended-release Formulary Restrictions on Extended-release Opioid Market Share, Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs in Commercial and Medicare Plans

10.36469/9800 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Rolin L. Wade ◽  
Chi-Chang Chen ◽  
Ajita P. De ◽  
Jaren C. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Extended Release ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Office Visit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Resource Utilization ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Health Plans ◽  
The Impact

Background: Previous research demonstrated that utilization management (UM) such as prior authorization (PA) or non-formulary (NF) restrictions may reduce pharmacy costs when designed and applied appropriately to certain drug classes. However, such access barriers may also have unintended consequences. Few studies systemically analyzed the impact of major UM strategies to extended-release (ER) opioids on different types of health plans. Objective: This study evaluated, from payer perspective, the impact of formulary restrictions (PA, NF, or step therapy [ST]) for branded oxycodone HCl extended release (OER) on market share, and healthcare resource utilization/costs in ER opioids patients for multiple types of health plans in the United States. Methods: This retrospective, longitudinal case-control study analyzed prescription and outpatient medical claims data (2012 to 2015) for adult ER opioid patients from US plans (commercial,/Medicare, national/regional) that instituted OER PA, NF, or ST. Patients from each restricted plan (cases) were matched to patients in an unrestricted plan (controls) on key patient characteristics. ER opioid market share and healthcare resource utilization/costs for both cases and controls were evaluated for the 6-month period before and after the formulary restriction dates. A difference-in-differences (DiD) approach was utilized to evaluate change in the total per patient per month (PPPM) healthcare utilization and costs. Results: The study comprised 1622 (national commercial PA), 2020 (regional commercial PA), 34 703 (national commercial ST), and 4372 (national Medicare NF) cases and equivalent number of controls. OER market share decreased after the formulary restrictions, with the national Medicare NF plan showing the greatest decrease (9.2%). DiD analyses indicated that PPPM office visit change in the PA and NF plans were non-significant (decreased by 0.1 and 0.2, P>0.05), but significant in the ST plan (increased by 0.1, P=0.0001). For most plans, no significant total monthly cost change was observed; PPPM costs decreased by $48.74 and $59.87 in ST and regional PA plans and increased by $37.90 in national NF plans (all P>0.05). Conclusions: This study observed that despite reducing the market share of OER, OER formulary restrictions had negligible impact on overall ER opioid utilization, and did not result in substantial pharmacy/medical cost savings.

Electoral incentives for cross-ethnic voting: evidence from a natural experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Stojanović ◽  
Oliver Strijbis
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Proportional Systems ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Ethnic Parties ◽  
Swiss Canton ◽  
Linguistic Groups ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractProspects for democracy in multi-ethnic societies are generally more promising if elections are not mere ethnic censuses, in which people vote predominantly for co-ethnic parties and candidates. But what institutions facilitate or hinder ethnic voting? Unlike past studies, this article explores ethnic voting by conducting a natural experiment (rather than surveys or laboratory experiments). It examines the case of Fribourg, a bilingual (French/German) Swiss canton where elections at different levels of government, within the same electoral district, are held under both majoritarian and proportional systems. Coupled with the high territorial homogeneity of the linguistic groups, this unique setting allows us to conduct a robust empirical analysis of voter behaviour. We find that cross-ethnic voting is significantly more frequent in multi-member majoritarian elections than in list-PR elections or in two-member majoritarian elections. Our results yield qualified support to the centripetalist approach to electoral design in multi-ethnic societies, that favours majoritarian systems, rather than to the consociational school that advocates proportional representation.

scholarly journals role and importance of the digital economy in the development of innovative

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulugbek Narmanov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Efficiency Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Different Levels

The research reveals that theoretical foundations, stages, driving forces, efficiency factors of modern digitalization are considered as digital economy. The key components of the term “digital economy” are presented: digital technologies, ecosystems and transformations, taking into account their interconnection and interdependence, as well as continuity with the previously developed conceptual series - informatization, intellectualization and robotization. Also, the article presents a clear understanding of the object and subject of research, the importance of the essence of the digital economy phenomenon and the stages of its development. The purpose of this study is to study the relationship between digital technologies, innovative and economic development, describe the advantages and disadvantages of digitalization for countries with different levels of economic development. It is noted that the digital economy is an integral part of the information (digital) environment, forming in accordance with the needs of the real sector of the economy and the needs of society, changing under the influence of technological innovations.

SYSTEM THINKING – THE COMPETENCE OF THE MODERN HEAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
E.L. Maslova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Level ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Thinking ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Systemic Thinking ◽  
Innovative Thinking ◽  
Effective Manager ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the importance of the systemic thinking of a leader as a key competence of an effective manager of the 21st century. The employers’ understanding of the analyzed quality at different levels of development of this competency is shown: from awareness to expert. So, for example, the initial level involves the ability to describe the relationships between processes in your subject area, but at the highest level, the leader or specialist should already see the grounds that unite them, be able to make strategic decisions. Systemic thinking allows you to look at the problem being solved as a system of interrelated factors, to rise above the problem and see it in its entirety, the socalled “Helicopter Sight”. From the point of view of systemic thinking, the importance for the leader of the ability to reveal the abilities of subordinates is shown; ability to respect and be tolerant of other, sometimes opposite and alien points of view. The author gives the results of many years of research on problems of thinking. The studies conducted during the training with the managers and specialists of PJSC Gazprom on the development of systemic and innovative thinking showed an insufficient level of development of systemic thinking. It was also found that managers and specialists included in the organization’s personnel reserve need a deeper study of the essence of systemic thinking and its tools.

Electronic Collaboration in Organizations

Crowdsourcing ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 978-989
Author(s):  
William Dario Avila Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Online Collaboration ◽  
Electronic Collaboration ◽  
New Business ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
New Business Models

Electronic collaboration was born with the new technologies, which establish a more harmonious balance of organizations in an increasingly global, open and competitive digital economy, called, nowadays, “the economy of the crowds”. This economy has caused changes in the organizations of the century, as new administrative principles. In this context, organizations use new business models to achieve its objectives to a meager cost. Similarly, they have managed the integration of different levels and optimizing performance of the entire organization together through electronic media and online collaboration. This work shows the areas of the different levels and forms of organizational electronic collaboration.

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