scholarly journals Microfoundations of R&D Alliance Formation: The Interplay of Scientist Mobility and the Cooperative Context of Collaboration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Ramakrishna Devarakonda ◽  
Stevo Pavićević ◽  
Jeffrey J. Reuer
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Alliance Formation ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Research Stream ◽  
Competitive Labor Market

Alliance research emphasizes that firms can access research and development (R&D) collaboration opportunities when they enjoy relational or geographic embeddedness with potential partners. However, how can firms that are not embedded with prospective partners establish alliances? We emphasize the microfoundations of R&D alliance formation and propose that scientist mobility is an important substitutive mechanism that helps foster collaboration opportunities between firms that are poorly embedded. Specifically, we posit and show that in high-tech industries, scientist mobility is more facilitative for R&D alliance formation when potential partners lack relational ties between them or are not geographically colocated. Our findings demonstrate how incorporation of the competitive labor market context and its interplay with the cooperative context significantly changes the insights of a fundamental research stream emphasizing the importance of the cooperative context for alliance formation.

BRICS Countries Possible Areas for Scientific Cooperation

2015 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
I. Dezhina
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Preliminary Evaluation ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
A Share

The article evaluates science sectors and effectiveness of scientific research in the countries forming the BRICS group, as well as the current state of scientific and technological cooperation among the group members. The science sectors of the countries under consideration differ markedly, while facing similar problems relating to government regulations and external environments. The differences exist in total expenditures on research and development (as a share of GNP), in the scope of governmental funding (large in Russia and India, but small in China), and in the distribution of allocations among various areas and types of R&D activities. China appears to have the most well-adjusted science sector among the BRICS members. It includes not only strong universities but also high-tech companies that invest actively into research and development. The overall impact (inferred from citation indexes) of fundamental and exploratory research performed in BRICS countries remains low. BRICS's scientists prefer to collaborate with their colleagues from the world-leading countries rather than with their fellows from BRICS. Yet, in contrast to the world trend, in all BRICS countries, except Russia, a share of internationally co-authored publications is now decreasing. BRICS members have more similar interests and priorities in technological development, including infrastructural and large technological projects, than in science. Currently, bilateral cooperation in technology prevails, while the projects involving all members of the group still remain at the stage of preliminary evaluation and discussion. Russia cooperates most closely with China and India, including joint projects in such high-priority directions as new materials, photonics, biomedical, space and information technologies. For Russia, cooperation in technological development appears to be of most interest because it can lead not only to introduction of new technologies but also help to create large Russian innovative companies. Development of successful multilateral cooperation in science and technology among the BRICS members is the key for this group, originally formed for geopolitical reasons, to evolve into an effective economic union.

scholarly journals COMPARISON BETWEEN BRAZIL AND THE 30 MOST INNOVATIVE COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Moser ◽  
Mauri Aparecido de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Workplace Organization ◽  
The World

Innovation can be defined as the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or a process, a new marketing method, a new organizational  method in business practices, workplace organization, or external relations. This innovation can be measured by several factors such as investments in research and development, the concentration of high-tech companies traded on the stock exchange, among others. The present study aims to perform a cluster analysis to investigate the behavior of the most innovative countries when compared to Brazil. The study contemplates a historical series from the years 2012 to 2015 of the 30 most innovative countries in the world having been added to Brazil. In addition, a series of macroeconomic, political and social variables.

scholarly journals China’s AI experience: industrial digitalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 536-546
Author(s):  
Marina S. Reshetnikova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Global Innovation ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
The Moment

The rapid acceleration of scientific and technological progress, which started at the beginning of the 21st century, has become a decisive factor in influencing the global economy. Who will lead the global innovation race? This problem is especially relevant in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). At the moment, the United States and China are the main participants in the battle for dominance in this area. The author assesses Chinas innovative potential in the field of AI and identifies its achievements in this area. Based on the statistics provided, Chinas AI leadership has reached a critical point. China is confidently leading the new fundamental research of artificial intelligence, forming its theoretical base and applied research and development, which will contribute to the creation of new high-tech innovative products and services. However, in terms of the number and quality of AI specialists (AI Talents) and the number of companies engaged in AI, China is still lagging behind its main rival, namely the United States. The author proved that, despite the obvious successes of China, the United States still has an equal lead in the global innovation race.

scholarly journals On the Incentives to Increase Input Efficiency under Monopoly Trade Unions

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Tapan Biswas ◽  
Jolian McHardy
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Utility Functions ◽  
Elasticity Of Substitution ◽  
Cournot Duopoly ◽  
Technological Improvement ◽  
Input Efficiency ◽  
Competitive Labor Market

We examine the effects of and the incentives for increasing input efficiency within a spatially segregated  Cournot duopoly with monopoly trade unions whose utility functions depend on both wages and employment. We show that with neoclassical as well as Leontief technology, unions raise wages to appropriate fully the gains from labor-saving technological (or organisational) improvements, leaving the firm with no incentive to invest in increasing the efficiency of workers. However, capital-saving     technological improvement may be profitable depending on the elasticity of substitution. Finally, we examine the implication of a fixed minimum wage (or competitive labor market) in one country.

VIRTUAL INTERACTION IN THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT: ONTOLOGICAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
pp. 202-205
Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Virtual Interaction ◽  
National Labor Market ◽  
Ontological Aspect

It is shown that as a result of the lack of synchronicity and balance between the virtual and real sectors of higher education, desynchronization of the ontology of education can occur. It is indicated that, in accordance with eco-nomictrends in the national higher system there can be a clear division into elite science-intensive high-tech competitive education and mass low-value low-tech “higher education” that is not in demand outside the national labor market.

Are the Pre-Diffusion Phases Shortening?

2010 ◽  
pp. 36-52
Author(s):  
J. R. Ortt
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Over Time

This chapter focuses on the pre-diffusion phases for high-tech products. These phases last from the first time a technology is mastered and demonstrated up to the start of the large-scale production and diffusion of products based on that technology. The purpose of this chapter is to underline the managerial relevance of the pre-diffusion phases. Two questions will be answered in particular: (1) How long do these pre-diffusion phases last for high-tech products? (2) Have these phases shortened or not over the last 150 years? Fifty-three cases of high-tech products, invented between 1837 and 1998, are investigated. The pre-diffusion phases are shown to last 16 years on average, but their length varies considerably per case. No proof for the shortening of these phases over time is found. The resources devoted to research and development in different fields of expertise may have increased but the length of the pre-diffusion phases has not shortened accordingly.

Supercritical-Water Experimental Setup for In-Pile Operation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Miletić ◽  
M. Růžičková ◽  
R. Fukač ◽  
I. Pioro ◽  
W. Peiman
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Water Radiolysis ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
Light Water ◽  
Joint Research Project ◽  
Fundamental Research

The main goal of the Generation-IV nuclear-energy systems is to address the fundamental research and development issues necessary for establishing the viability of next-generation reactor concepts to meet future needs for clean and reliable energy production. Generation-IV reactor concepts are being developed to use more advanced materials, coolants and higher burn-ups fuels, while keeping a nuclear reactor safe and reliable. One of the six Generation-IV concepts is a SuperCritical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR), which continues the utilization of well-known light-water-reactor technologies. Research Centre Rez Ltd. has taken part in a large European joint-research project dedicated to Generation-IV light-water reactors with objectives to contribute to the fundamental research and development of the SCWRs by designing and building a test facility called “SuperCritical Water Loop (SCWL)”. The main objective of this loop is to serve as an experimental facility for in-core and out-of-core corrosion studies of structural materials, testing and optimization of suitable water chemistry for future SCWRs, studies of water radiolysis at supercritical conditions and nuclear fuels. This paper summarizes the concept of the SCWL, its design, utilization and first results obtained from non-active tests already performed within the supercritical-water conditions.

The Office of the Chief Scientist and the financing of high tech research and development, 2000–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erez Cohen ◽  
Joseph Gabbay ◽  
Daniel Schiffman
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
High Tech
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