scholarly journals Antitumor Immunity of Gut and the Role of Oral Immunotherapy in the Multidisciplinary Treatment of Digestive Organ Cancer

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshinori NIO ◽  
Takayoshi TOBE
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Oral Immunotherapy ◽  
Digestive Organ

The complex role of PD-L1 in antitumor immunity: a recent update

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqing Zhang ◽  
Yue Huang ◽  
Xuanming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Immunity

scholarly journals Rethinking immune checkpoint blockade: ‘Beyond the T cell’

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e001460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuting Liu ◽  
Graham D Hogg ◽  
David G DeNardo
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade

The clinical success of immune checkpoint inhibitors has highlighted the central role of the immune system in cancer control. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can reinvigorate anti-cancer immunity and are now the standard of care in a number of malignancies. However, research on immune checkpoint blockade has largely been framed with the central dogma that checkpoint therapies intrinsically target the T cell, triggering the tumoricidal potential of the adaptive immune system. Although T cells undoubtedly remain a critical piece of the story, mounting evidence, reviewed herein, indicates that much of the efficacy of checkpoint therapies may be attributable to the innate immune system. Emerging research suggests that T cell-directed checkpoint antibodies such as anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) can impact innate immunity by both direct and indirect pathways, which may ultimately shape clinical efficacy. However, the mechanisms and impacts of these activities have yet to be fully elucidated, and checkpoint therapies have potentially beneficial and detrimental effects on innate antitumor immunity. Further research into the role of innate subsets during checkpoint blockade may be critical for developing combination therapies to help overcome checkpoint resistance. The potential of checkpoint therapies to amplify innate antitumor immunity represents a promising new field that can be translated into innovative immunotherapies for patients fighting refractory malignancies.

Role of Interventional Radiology in Children with Biliary and Gallbladder Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (03) ◽  
pp. 356-363
Author(s):  
Anel Yakupovich ◽  
Shankar Rajeswaran ◽  
Jared Green ◽  
James S. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Interventional Radiology ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Gallbladder Diseases ◽  
Fundamental Understanding

AbstractBiliary and gallbladder diseases in infants and children often present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges that require a fundamental understanding of notable biliary diseases and anatomical variations. Surgical and endoscopic approaches that are often the gold standard in adult biliary treatment may be technically challenging and are associated with a high morbidity that may warrant a multidisciplinary treatment approach. This article will provide a comprehensive overview of the biliary conditions where interventional radiology can play a vital role in the diagnosis, management, and treatment. Differences in approach or technique between children and adults will be highlighted.

scholarly journals A Perspective on Withania somnifera Modulating Antitumor Immunity in Targeting Prostate Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Seema Dubey ◽  
Manohar Singh ◽  
Ariel Nelson ◽  
Dev Karan
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Withania Somnifera ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Natural Killer Cell Activity ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Cell Activity

Medicinal plants serve as a lead source of bioactive compounds and have been an integral part of day-to-day life in treating various disease conditions since ancient times. Withaferin A (WFA), a bioactive ingredient of Withania somnifera, has been used for health and medicinal purposes for its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties long before the published literature came into existence. Nearly 25% of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from medicinal plants, classified as dietary supplements. The bioactive compounds in these supplements may serve as chemotherapeutic substances competent to inhibit or reverse the process of carcinogenesis. The role of WFA is appreciated to polarize tumor-suppressive Th1-type immune response inducing natural killer cell activity and may provide an opportunity to manipulate the tumor microenvironment at an early stage to inhibit tumor progression. This article signifies the cumulative information about the role of WFA in modulating antitumor immunity and its potential in targeting prostate cancer.

The AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes trigger IL-1–mediated antitumor effects during radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (59) ◽  
pp. eabc6998
Author(s):  
Chuanhui Han ◽  
Victoria Godfrey ◽  
Zhida Liu ◽  
Yanfei Han ◽  
Longchao Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Nlrp3 Inflammasomes ◽  
Priming Activity ◽  
Deficient Mice

The inflammasome promotes inflammation-associated diseases, including cancer, and contributes to the radiation-induced tissue damage. However, the role of inflammasome in radiation-induced antitumor effects is unclear. We observed that tumors transplanted in Casp1−/− mice were resistant to radiation treatment compared with tumors in wild-type (WT) mice. To map out which molecule in the inflammasome pathway contributed to this resistant, we investigated the antitumor effect of radiation in several inflammasome-deficient mice. Tumors grown in either Aim2−/− or Nlrp3−/− mice remained sensitive to radiation, like WT mice, whereas Aim2−/−Nlrp3−/− mice showed radioresistance. Mechanistically, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and EV-free supernatant derived from irradiated tumors activated both Aim2 and Nlrp3 inflammasomes in macrophages, leading to the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β treatment helped overcome the radioresistance of tumors growing in Casp1−/− and Aim2−/−Nlrp3−/− mice. IL-1 signaling in dendritic cells (DCs) promoted radiation-induced antitumor immunity by enhancing the cross-priming activity of DCs. Overall, we demonstrated that radiation-induced activation of the AIM2 and NLRP3 inflammasomes coordinate to induce some of the antitumor effects of radiation by triggering IL-1 signaling in DCs, leading to their activation and cross-priming.

Emphysematous osteomyelitis of the clavicle: a pleural process?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. e235764
Author(s):  
Amira Elshikh ◽  
Niraj Gowda ◽  
Lisa Glass ◽  
Robert B Maximos
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Cavity ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Bone Biopsy ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Fatal Disease ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Pleural Involvement

Emphysematous osteomyelitis (EO) is a rare infection associated with intraosseous gas. EO is an often fatal disease with an estimated 34% mortality. We present a case of a 63-year-old man with sternoclavicular EO with pleural involvement and significant subcutaneous emphysema diagnosed by CT. Extension of intraosseous gas into the pleural cavity is an extremely interesting presentation that has not been previously reported. The patient underwent a multidisciplinary treatment approach with surgical debridement and an extended antibiotic course. Intraoperative cultures of the pectoralis muscle and bone biopsy grew pan-sensitive Escherichia coli. Prompt recognition and treatment are paramount to avoid a potentially fatal outcome. A review of the literature of the previous 46 cases of EO is presented for associated risk factors, the role of surgical management and antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Role of Nurr1 in Carcinogenesis and Tumor Immunology: A State of the Art Review

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kok-Ting Wan ◽  
Michelle Kwan-Yee Siu ◽  
Thomas Ho-Yin Leung ◽  
Xue-Tang Mo ◽  
Karen Kar-Loen Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Immunotherapeutic Strategy ◽  
Poor Efficacy

Nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1), coded by an early response gene, is involved in multiple cellular and physiological functions, including proliferation, survival, and self-renewal. Dysregulation of Nurr1 has been frequently observed in many cancers and is attributed to multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Besides, Nurr1 exhibits extensive crosstalk with many oncogenic and tumor suppressor molecules, which contribute to its potential pro-malignant behaviors. Furthermore, Nurr1 is a key player in attenuating antitumor immune responses. It not only potentiates immunosuppressive functions of regulatory T cells but also dampens the activity of cytotoxic T cells. The selective accessibility of chromatin by Nurr1 in T cells is closely associated with cell exhaustion and poor efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the reported findings of Nurr1 in different malignancies, the mechanisms that regulate Nurr1 expression, and the downstream signaling pathways that Nurr1 employs to promote a wide range of malignant phenotypes. We also give an overview of the association between Nurr1 and antitumor immunity and discuss the inhibition of Nurr1 as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy.

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