scholarly journals COST SAVING STRATEGY FOR POST OFFICE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Silvia Dutková
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Optimization Strategy ◽  
Post Office ◽  
Service Areas ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Office Employees

The paper displays a system optimization strategy that leads to cost savings for a particular post office. It involves the queuing theory used as a tool to optimize system of incoming customers passing through service areas in order to satisfy their need Using characteristics of the system, it is possible to determine the number of service compartments that are serving during the opening time so that the system is able to manage a number of incoming customers while waiting time remains acceptable for customers. The cost savings from optimizing the number of service compartments mainly relate to the wages of post office employees. By optimizing the number of working compartments according to the intensity of arriving customers, the study depicts the number of compartments needed to fulfill customer service at given time interval. Using this method, a manager can also optimize the working schedule of the employees operating in the  post office compartments. The aim of this paper is to analyze the queuing system of the Bytca post office in Slovak and useknowledge from the analysis to optimize the number of compartments and thus reduce the operating costs of the post office.

Using queuing theory to solve the problem of momentum to issuing the driving licenses in Dohuk city

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Nabeel G. Nacy ◽  
Samaher T. Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Distribution ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Service System ◽  
Service Demand ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Number Of Customers ◽  
System Power ◽  
Waiting Lines

Queuing theory is a mathematical study of so-called queues or waiting lines. This phenomenon is common in daily life as in gas stations, airports, repair workshops and other common everyday examples. Waiting occurs when service demand is higher than service system power. Due to the difficulty in predicting the number of customers arriving and the time taken by the customer at the service station, the process of obtaining performance metrics is necessary before the queuing systems are implemented. When the service system power is too high, the system is charged at a high cost. Conversely, when the system power is low (insufficient for the customer service), the waiting time in the queue increases, As well as loss of order to its customers. Therefore, attention has been drawn to the so-called theory of waiting lines to solve such problems to reach a balance in the work of the system. This research aims to overcome the difficulties experienced by citizens in obtaining market holidays on time and reduce waste in time and the cost of waiting. The results were as shown in tables (l) to (6) of the city center and according to the distribution of access and service of the model used (G / G / C). We note in the Poisson distribution with exponential that the average number of customers in the system Ls = 5.527), which is approximately (5 customers), which is waiting in the system. We note in the previous distribution itself that the average number of customers in the waiting queue (customer 2.1924 = L q) is approximately 2 (customer) which is waiting in queue. The Poisson distribution with the exponential is that the average time spent by the customer in the system (minute W s = 16.5772). Note in the Poisson distribution with the exponential that the average time spent by the customer in the waiting queue is (minute W = 6.5772) We note in the Poisson distribution with exponential that The average number of customers in the system (customer Ls = 4.3258) is about (4 customers) which is waiting in the system. We see in the previous distribution itself that the average number of customers in the queue (customer 2.0 = L q) ) There is no waiting in the queue. The Poisson distribution with exponential is the average time spent by the customer in the system (min W s = 11.3333). We note in the Poisson distribution with exponential that the average time spent by the customer in the waiting queue is (min W q = 4.6666)

Exploration-Stage Implementation Variation

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Romney ◽  
Nathaniel Israel ◽  
Danijela Zlatevski
Keyword(s):  
Parent Training ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Triple P ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Parent Training Program ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Cost

The present study examines the effect of agency-level implementation variation on the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based parent training program (Positive Parenting Program: “Triple P”). Staff from six community-based agencies participated in a five-day training to prepare them to deliver a 12-week Triple P parent training group to caregivers. Prior to the training, administrators and staff from four of the agencies completed a site readiness process intended to prepare them for the implementation demands of successfully delivering the group, while the other two agencies did not complete the process. Following the delivery of each agency’s first Triple P group, the graduation rate and average cost per class graduate were calculated. The average cost-per-graduate was over seven times higher for the two agencies that had not completed the readiness process than for the four completing agencies ($7,811 vs. $1,052). The contrast in costs was due to high participant attrition in the Triple P groups delivered by the two agencies that did not complete the readiness process. The odds of Triple P participants graduating were 12.2 times greater for those in groups run by sites that had completed the readiness process. This differential attrition was not accounted for by between-group differences in participant characteristics at pretest. While the natural design of this study limits the ability to empirically test all alternative explanations, these findings indicate a striking cost savings for sites completing the readiness process and support the thoughtful application of readiness procedures in the early stages of an implementation initiative.

REKAYASA NILAI HARGA PEMBUATAN TERHADAP EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN BAHAN PADA PEMBANGUNAN PERUMAHAN TIRTO PENATARAN ASRI TIPE 70/135 KECAMATAN NGLEGOK KABUPATEN BLITAR

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
Mochamad Tamim Ma’ruf
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Application ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
Initial Design ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Design Proposal

One-solving methods and techniques necessary to avoid inefficiencies and not economic costs as well as reduce the cost of housing construction is the method of Value Engineering. Value engineering is a method and cost control techniques to analyze a function to its value at the lowest cost alternative (most economical) without reducing the quality desired.At the writing of this study used a comparison method by comparing the initial design to the design proposal of the author. In the housing projects Upgrading Tirto Penataran Asri type 70, the application of Value Engineering conducted on the job a couple walls and roofs pair by replacing some work items with a more economical alternative but does not change the original function and high aesthetic level and still qualify safe. For that performed the step of determining a work item, the alternative stage, the analysis stage, and the stage of recommendations to get a Value Engineering application and cost savings against the wall a couple of work items and partner roof.The proposed design as compared to the initial design. Work items discussed was the work of a couple wall having analyzed obtained savings of Rp. 2,747,643.56 and the work of the roof pair obtained savings of Rp. 2,363,446.80. Thus the total overall savings gained is Rp 5,111,090.36 or savings of 0048%.

Cost-minimization analysis of drugs used in the treatment of Asthma and COPD diseases in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billu Payal ◽  
Anoop Kumar ◽  
Harsh Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Cost Minimization ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Pulmonary Medicine ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Maximum Cost ◽  
Cost Minimization Analysis ◽  
Cost Variation ◽  
The Cost

Background: Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD) are well known respiratory diseases affecting millions of peoples in India. In the market, various branded generics, as well as generic drugs, are available for their treatment and how much cost will be saved by utilizing generic medicine is still unclear among physicians. Thus, the main aim of the current investigation was to perform cost-minimization analysis of generic versus branded generic (high and low expensive) drugs and branded generic (high expensive) versus branded generic (least expensive) used in the Department of Pulmonary Medicine of Era Medical University, Lucknow for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Methodology: The current index of medical stores (CIMS) was referred for the cost of branded drugs whereas the cost of generic drugs was taken from Jan Aushadi scheme of India 2016. The percentage of cost variation particularly to Asthma and COPD regimens on substituting available generic drugs was calculated using standard formula and costs were presented in Indian Rupees (as of 2019). Results: The maximum cost variation was found between the respules budesonide high expensive branded generic versus least expensive branded generic drugs and generic versus high expensive branded generic. In combination, the maximum cost variation was observed in the montelukast and levocetirizine combination. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study inferred that substituting generic antiasthmatics and COPD drugs can bring potential cost savings in patients.

Pound Wise and Penny Foolish? Weight Loss and The Dynamics of Health Care Spending

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G Koch
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Health Care Spending ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Dynamic Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Current estimates of obesity costs ignore the impact of future weight loss and gain, and may either over or underestimate economic consequences of weight loss. In light of this, I construct static and dynamic measures of medical costs associated with body mass index (BMI), to be balanced against the cost of one-time interventions. This study finds that ignoring the implications of weight loss and gain over time overstates the medical-cost savings of such interventions by an order of magnitude. When the relationship between spending and age is allowed to vary, weight-loss attempts appear to be cost-effective starting and ending with middle age. Some interventions recently proven to decrease weight may also be cost-effective.

scholarly journals Is an integrated model of school eye health delivery more cost-effective than a vertical model? An implementation research in Zanzibar

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000561
Author(s):  
Ving Fai Chan ◽  
Fatma Omar ◽  
Elodie Yard ◽  
Eden Mashayo ◽  
Damaris Mulewa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Research ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Integrated Model ◽  
Health Screening ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Health Delivery ◽  
Screening Cost ◽  
Eye Health ◽  
The Cost

ObjectiveTo review and compare the cost-effectiveness of the integrated model (IM) and vertical model (VM) of school eye health programme in Zanzibar.Methods and analysisThis 6-month implementation research was conducted in four districts in Zanzibar. Nine and ten schools were recruited into the IM and VM, respectively. In the VM, teachers conducted eye health screening and education only while these eye health components were added to the existing school feeding programme (IM). The number of children aged 6–13 years old screened and identified was collected monthly. A review of project account records was conducted with 19 key informants. The actual costs were calculated for each cost categories, and costs per child screened and cost per child identified were compared between the two models.ResultsScreening coverage was 96% and 90% in the IM and VM with 297 children (69.5%) from the IM and 130 children (30.5%) from VM failed eye health screening. The 6-month eye health screening cost for VM and IM was US$6 728 and US$7 355. The cost per child screened for IM and VM was US$1.23 and US$1.31, and the cost per child identified was US$24.76 and US$51.75, respectively.ConclusionBoth models achieved high coverage of eye health screening with the IM being a more cost-effective school eye health delivery screening compared with VM with great opportunities for cost savings.

Are Roundabouts Safe and Economically Viable Replacing Conventional Diamond Interchange Ramp Terminals?

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110088
Author(s):  
Boris Claros ◽  
Beau Burdett ◽  
Madhav Chitturi ◽  
Andrea Bill ◽  
David A. Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Bayes ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Weighted Distribution ◽  
Crash Rates ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Service Life Cycle

Roundabout implementations at traditional intersections have been shown to be effective at reducing severe crashes. Roundabouts have also been implemented at interchange ramp terminals; however, limited research is available. In this study, 25 roundabout ramp terminal implementations were evaluated. The methodological approach consisted of Empirical Bayes for safety effectiveness and crash cost changes, crash type weighted distribution, crash rate analysis of bypass configuration, and cost of implementation. Roundabouts were effective at reducing fatal and injury crashes when replacing existing interchange diamond ramp terminals: 65% reduction for roundabouts replacing stop-controlled ramp terminals and 41% reduction for roundabouts replacing signal-controlled ramp terminals. Observed crash type weighted distributions are provided to visualize the frequency and location of crashes within roundabout ramp terminals for design considerations. Exit ramp and outside crossroad approaches with right-turn bypass showed significantly lower crash rates than designs without bypass. The crash cost analysis showed that roundabouts replacing diamond ramp terminals yielded crash cost savings of between $95,000 and $253,000 per site per year (69% to 54% decrease in crash costs). Considering crash costs savings only, the cost of implementation should be less than $1.9 million for a roundabout replacing a stop-controlled ramp terminal and less than $5.1 million for a roundabout replacing a signal-controlled ramp terminal to accomplish benefit-cost ratios greater than one for a service life cycle of 20 years. Costs are in 2019 dollars.

Economic analysis of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) as a tool in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer in Singapore

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Yuh Ang ◽  
Rachel Woo Yin Tan ◽  
Mariko Siyue Koh ◽  
Jeremy Lim
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Lung Biopsy ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Needle Aspiration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transbronchial Lung Biopsy ◽  
Endobronchial Ultrasound ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Diagnosis Of Lung Cancer ◽  
The Cost

Objectives: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), encompassing endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) and Endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial lung biopsy (EBUS-TBLB) has been proven to be a useful modality in the staging and diagnosis of lung cancer. However, there are limited publications on the cost-effectiveness of EBUS and no economic evaluations relevant to the Singapore setting. An economic evaluation using our hospital's data was used to assess the cost implications of EBUS substituting where clinically appropriate: transthoracic needle aspiration; (TTNA), fluoroscopy-guided transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), and mediastinoscopy in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer.Methods: Relationship between the clinical and economic implications of alternative modalities was modeled using data inputs that were relevant to the Singapore setting. Two decision analytic models were constructed to evaluate the cost of EBUS compared with TTNA, TBLB, and staging mediastinoscopy. Only direct costs were imputed.Results: In the base–case analysis, TTNA was the most economical strategy (SGD3,335 = US$2,403) where clinically suitable for the diagnosis of lung cancer as compared to the other options: TBLB (SGD4,499) and EBUS-TBLB (SGD4,857). On the other hand, EBUS-TBNA resulted in expected cost savings of SGD1,214 per positive staging of lung cancer as compared to mediastinoscopy.Conclusions: The use of EBUS-TBNA could result in cost savings of SGD1,214 per positive staging of lung cancer as compared to mediastinoscopy. Whereas TTNA was the most economical intervention for the diagnosis of lung cancer as compared to the other options, its main limitation lies in its suitability only for peripheral lung lesions and high complication rate.

scholarly journals A Transient Queuing Model for Analyzing and Optimizing Gate Congestion of Railway Container Terminals

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Zeng ◽  
Wenming Cheng ◽  
Peng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Container Terminal ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Optimal Operation ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Queuing Model ◽  
Gate System ◽  
Gate Congestion ◽  
Service Channels

As the significant connection between the external and internal of the railway container terminal, the operation performance of the gate system plays an important role in the entire system. So the gate congestion will bring many losses to the railway container terminal, even the entire railway container freight system. In this paper, the queue length and the average waiting time of the railway container terminal gate system, as well as the optimal number of service channels during the different time period, are investigated. AnM/Ek/ntransient queuing model is developed based on the distribution of the arrival time interval and the service time; besides the transient solutions are acquired by the equally likely combinations (ELC) heuristic method. Then the model is integrated into an optimization framework to obtain the optimal operation schemes. Finally, some computational experiments are conducted for model validation, sensitivity testing, and system optimization. Experimental results indicate that the model can provide the accurate reflection to the operation situation of the railway container terminal gate system, and the approach can yield the optimal number of service channels within the reasonable computation time.

Are Apprenticeships Still Relevant in the 21st Century? A Case Study of Changing Youth Training Arrangements in German Banks

ILR Review ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Finegold ◽  
Karin Wagner
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
New Firms ◽  
Workplace Flexibility ◽  
Transferable Skills ◽  
The Past ◽  
Detailed Case ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Youth Training

The authors present a detailed case study of the evolution of apprenticeships in German banking over the past two decades to analyze why employers continue to be willing to invest in these programs that provide workers with transferable skills. They explain employers' motivation in terms of two “logics.” Some considerations stemming from the logic of consequences, such as recruitment cost savings and enhanced workplace flexibility, encourage retention of the apprenticeship system. On balance, however, the cost calculus that is at the heart of the logic of consequences would, if unopposed, encourage head-hunting for apprentices trained by other firms, eventually undermining the system. The countervailing logic of appropriateness, however, discourages defections from the system by fostering trust among employers, encouraging new firms to participate in the system, supporting the strong reputational effect associated with training, and creating mechanisms with which banks can have a hand in keeping the system efficient.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document