scholarly journals South Caucasus in the plans of the warring parties on the eve of the Crimean War (1853–1856)

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-98
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Buryan ◽  
◽  
Mariia Buryan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Crimean War ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

This article deals with topical issues related to the analysis of the international situation that developed on the European continent, in the South Caucasus, in Asia Minor on the eve of the Crimean War (1853–1856). Special attention is paid to the geopolitical plans of Great Britain, France, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire in relation to the South Caucasus region, where the Russian Empire was quite strong at that time. As a result of the victorious Russo-Iranian (1804–1813) and Russo-Turkish (1806–1812) Wars, The Russian Empire controlled the territory of almost the entire Caucasus region, which could not but worry London, because this threatened the British presence in India-a colonial Pearl that Great Britain was not going to lose. British analysts warned their government about the danger from the Russian Empire, and the Western press supported them in this. France joined the anti-Russian coalition, pursuing its own goals. London and Paris have made efforts to get Vienna to stand up to Russia as well. As a result of the upcoming war, the countries of the South Caucasus (Georgia, Armenia, Circassian, etc.) were to fall under the Protectorate of Turkey and Great Britain. The author draws attention to the fact that there were several plans to start a war against the Russian Empire, in each of which a significant role was assigned to the Crimean Peninsula, the military-political and strategic importance of which does not lose its weight today, especially against the background of the tense situation in the black and Azov seas in our time.

scholarly journals Russian-Iranian (1804–1813) and Russian-Turkish (1806–1812) wars for the South Caucasus

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
Mykhailo Buryan ◽  
◽  
Maria Buryan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Regional Conflict ◽  
Important Region ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
Historical Past

The article deals with topical issues of incorporation of the territory of the South Caucasus into the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XIX century. The relevance of the analysis of the international situation in this period is due to the resumption of military operations in Nagorno – Karabakh in October-November 2020, the unresolved territorial contradictions between other countries in the region, and the danger of a frozen regional conflict turning into a stage of war if one of the opposing forces is militarily strengthened. The cause of ethnic, religious, and territorial contradictions in the Caucasus region should be found in the historical past, in territorial redistributions that took place more than two hundred years ago. As then, so now, the South Caucasus is a strategically important region in which both regional players – Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran – and global players-Russia and Turkey-claim dominance. Russian Russian-Iranian and Russian-Turkish mutual claims to the lands of Transcaucasia in 1804–1813 and 1806–1812. Accordingly, they led to wars that ended with the victory of the Russian Empire and the inclusion of a significant part of the lands of the South Caucasus in its composition.

scholarly journals “To Prevent the Destruction of Precious Archives”: The Draft of the Instruction on the Caucasus Military Historical Department Activities (1900)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1020-1033
Author(s):  
Tatiana A. Kolosovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Military Studies ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
Russian Military ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

This is the first publication of the draft of the instruction on Military Historical Department of the Caucasus Military District Stuff activities. It was worked out by the Head of the District Headquarters Major General N.N. Belyavsky in 1900. The document helps to establish the area of responsibility of the institution that was a party in the foundation of the archival fund in the Caucasus region of the Russian Empire. It shows that the main concern of the Military Historical Department was research. Its members collected materials on military history, thus providing the source base for writing academic papers on the history of the Caucasus integration in the Russian Empire. Its areas of work included archiving, museum activities, and publishing. The published document provides valuable data on the problem of perished materials of regional military archives on the example of the Caucasus Military District. It is important that all Caucasus regional military archives were given into the management of the Military Historical Department. According to the instruction its stuff oversaw documents storage, compiling scientific reference apparatus, and destruction of the expired papers. Thus, the Military Historical Department was the institution that was directly responsible for the destruction of old files in the archives of regimens, directorates, and headquarters in the Caucasus Military District. The document may interest those who study the history of military institutions of the Russian Empire or preservation of cultural heritage. The instruction secured to the department such activities as sorting out, description, and control of safekeeping of documents kept in Caucasus military archives, as well as their publication and acquisition, which helped to set the scientific base for Caucasus military history studies. In its functions, the Military Historical Department was the predecessor of the Russian Military Historical Society. The published document is stored in Russian Archive for Military History (Moscow) in the fond of the Imperial Committee for Military Studies.

The Population of the South Caucasus according to the 1897 General Census of the Russian Empire

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-340
Author(s):  
George Bournoutian
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Population Statistics ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is about the population statistics of the South Caucasus by religion, language/ethnicity and profession, following the first General Census of the Russian Empire in 1897.

Transition of the Rusins of Austria-Hungary to the bosom of Orthodoxy in the end of 19th - beginning of 20th century: Lost perspective for Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-4) ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Vadim Mikhailov ◽  
Konstantin Losev
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
World War ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Church Policy

The article is devoted to the issue of Church policy in relation to the Rusyn population of Austria-Hungary and the Russian Empire. In the second half of the 19th century, the policy of the Austro-Hungarian administration towards the Rusyn Uniate population of the Empire underwent changes. Russia’s victories in the wars of 1849 and 1877-1878 aroused the desire of the educated part of the Rusyns to return to the bosom of the Orthodox Church. Nevertheless, even during the World War I, when the Russian army captured part of the territories inhabited by Rusyns, the military and officials of the Russian Empire were too cautious about the issue of converting Uniates to Orthodoxy, which had obvious negative consequences both for the Rusyns, who were forced to choose a Ukrainophile orientation to protect their national and cultural identity, and for the future of Russia as the leader of the Slavic and Orthodox world.

К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ПЕРЕВОСПИТАНИЯ ВОЕННОСЛУЖАЩИХ В ДИСЦИПЛИНАРНЫХ ВОИНСКИХ ЧАСТЯХ РОССИЙСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Voronov ◽  
Timur Slivin
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Variable Composition ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Moral Influence ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

В статье рассмотрена актуальная проблема перевоспитания военнослужащих в дисциплинарных частях в Российской империи как организованного и структурированного процесса. Изучено использование их потенциала для поддержания дисциплины и правопорядка среди личного состава. Определено, что к военнослужащим предусмотрено применение специальных видов уголовных наказаний, кроме того, допускается изъятие в применении отдельных наказаний к данной категории лиц. Авторами раскрывается порядок реализации наказания в виде лишения свободы в частях с воинской организацией в отношении военнослужащих, совершивших преступления. Указывается на то, что перевоспитание осужденных военнослужащих было направлено на повышение уровня их военной и строевой подготовки, принуждение их к выполнению требований военной присяги и воинских уставов. В качестве негативного момента перевоспитания осужденных военнослужащих указывается отсутствие специальной подготовки у штатных офицеров и нижних чинов дисциплинарных частей. В статье рассматривается порядок реализации наказания в виде лишения свободы в арестантских частях, а также дисциплинарных частях. Раскрыто понятие арестантских рот, их руководящий и личный состав, а также порядок содержания осужденных. Показаны особенности комплектования дисциплинарных частей как постоянным составом, так и переменным (осужденными), а также прохождения ими службы. Авторами отмечается, что в перевоспитании осужденных военнослужащих превалировала принудительная функция в ущерб нравственному воздействию. Авторы приходят к выводу о том, что дисциплинарные и штрафные части со строевой организацией в целом справляются с задачей перевоспитания осужденных военнослужащих, а опыт функционирования дисциплинарных частей царской армии был использован при создании военно-карательного аппарата Советской армии.The article deals with the actual problem of re-education of military personnel in disciplinary units in the Russian Empire as an organized and structured process. The use of their potential for maintaining discipline and law enforcement among personnel was studied. It is determined that the use of special types of criminal penalties is provided for military personnel, in addition, exceptions are allowed in the application of certain penalties to this category of persons. The author reveals the order of realization of punishment in the form of imprisonment in re-lations with the military organization in relation to the military personnel who have committed crimes. It is pointed out that the re-education of convicted servicemen was aimed at increasing the level of their military and drill training, forcing them to fulfill the requirements of the military oath and military regulations. As a negative aspect of the re-education of convicted servicemen, the lack of special training of regular officers and lower ranks of disciplinary units is indicated. The article deals with the procedure for the implementation of punishment in the form of im-prisonment in prison units, as well as disciplinary units. The concept of convict companies, their leadership and personnel, as well as the order of detention of convicts is revealed. The peculiarities of completing disciplinary units with both permanent and variable composition (convicts), as well as their service are shown. The author notes that in the re-education of convicted servicemen, forced functioning prevailed to the detriment of moral influence. The author comes to the conclusion that disciplinary and penal units with drill organization in General cope with the task of re-education of convicted servicemen, and the experience of functioning of disciplinary units of the tsarist army was used in the creation of the military punitive apparatus of the Soviet army.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Kamrava
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Middle Powers

As middle powers with regional aspirations, Iran and Turkey see the South Caucasus region as an ideal arena for expanding their reach and influence. As post-sanctions Iran finds greater space for diplomacy and trade, the ensuing competition between the two neighboring countries is likely to intensify in the coming years. For both states, trade and soft power are the most viable tools for expanding their influence. In the long run, the competition in trade is only likely to benefit the three states of the South Caucasus. But it is also likely to keep the multiple conflicts that have ravaged the region over the last several decades — especially between Armenia and Azerbaijan, Russia and Georgia, and even the historic animosity between Turkey and Armenia — frozen and without a solution in sight.

Pipeline Politics in Iran, Turkey, and the South Caucasus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Monshipouri
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caucasus ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Caucasus Region ◽  
Territorial Conflicts

The relationship between Iran, Turkey and the South Caucasus states have been influenced by an array of geopolitical, strategic, cultural, and economic factors. The competition between Iran and Turkey and their roles in the South Caucasus are best defined by traditional balance-of-power relations and the broader context of the post-Soviet era. This chapter unpacks the complex dynamics of pipeline politics in the South Caucasus region by underlying the need to understand the “Great Power Game” involving geostrategic and geo-economic interests of local governments, regional actors, global powers, and international oil companies. The larger focus turns on underscoring the importance of the region’s large oil and gas reserves; its land connection between the Caspian Sea, South Caucasus, and Europe; and its long-standing territorial conflicts in the post-Soviet era. Iran and Turkey have fought for influence in the South Caucasus while maintaining relatively good bilateral relationships in the region.

Due Process in Wartime? Secret Imperial Russian Police Files on the Forced Relocation of Russian Germans during World War I

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-611
Author(s):  
Cynthia M. Vakareliyska
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
German Immigrants ◽  
Germans From Russia ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Germans ◽  
The Military

In 1762 and 1763, manifestos were issued by Catherine II, and later were extended further by her son Paul I, inviting foreign artisans and others to settle in far-flung rural areas of the Russian Empire in order to help strengthen the economy. Under a policy somewhat similar to the later US Homestead Act, under the manifestos German and other foreign-national settlers and their descendants were offered Russian citizenship, land ownership after three years, religious tolerance (including, in the case of Germans, German clergy and German-language churches), and exemption from the military draft—although by the end of the nineteenth century the last of these had been rescinded. The call was not restricted to Germans, but Germans comprised the largest group to take advantage of it, settling for the most part in Ukraine, Bessarabia, and the mid-Volga region. Those who participated in the migration, known as the Auswanderung, and their descendants are often referred to in English as “Russian Germans” or “Germans from Russia” (rossiiskie nemtsy). A second wave of German immigration occurred in 1894, when some Germans who had settled in Prussia moved across the border into Russia. By 1897, there were over 2 million German immigrants and descendants in the Russian Empire.

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