Feline hyperthyroidism: current treatment options and the role of the veterinary nurse

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 344-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Bodey
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment

scholarly journals USP7 Inhibition Alleviates H2O2-Induced Injury in Chondrocytes via Inhibiting NOX4/NLRP3 Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Liu ◽  
Qingbai Liu ◽  
Bin Yan ◽  
Ziqiang Zhu ◽  
Yaozeng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Enhanced Production

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is a very common joint disease that often affects middle-aged to elderly people. However, current treatment options for OA are predominantly palliative. Thus, understanding its pathological process and exploring its potential therapeutic approaches are of great importance. Rat chondrocytes were isolated and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mimic OA. The effects of H2O2 on ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, proliferation, inflammatory cytokine release, and pyroptosis were measured. USP7 was knocked down (KD) or overexpressed to investigate the role of USP7 in OA. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to study the interaction between USP7 and NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX)4 as well as NOX4 ubiquitination. NOX4 inhibitor was applied to study the involvement of NOX4 in USP7-mediated OA development. USP7 inhibitor was given to OA animals to further investigate the role of USP7 in OA in vivo. Moreover, H2O2 treatment significantly increased USP7 expression, enhanced ROS levels, and inhibited proliferation in rat chondrocytes. The overexpression of USP7 enhanced pyroptosis, ROS production, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels, and the expression level of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, active caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, and MMP13, which was abolished by ROS inhibition. The USP7 KD protected rat chondrocytes against H2O2-induced injury. Co-IP results showed that USP7 interacted with NOX4, and USP7 KD enhanced NOX4 ubiquitinylation. The inhibition of NOX4 blocked the pro-OA effect of USP7. Moreover, the USP7 inhibitor given to OA animals suppressed OA in vivo. USP7 inhibited NOX4 ubiquitination for degradation which leads to elevated ROS production. ROS subsequently activates NLPR3 inflammasome, leading to enhanced production of IL-1β and IL-18, GSDMD-N-dependent pyroptosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Thus, UPS7 contributes to the progression of OA via NOX4/ROS/NLPR3 axis.

scholarly journals [68Ga]-DOTATATE PET/CT and PET/MRI in the diagnosis and management of esthesioneuroblastoma: illustrative cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Roytman ◽  
Andrew B. Tassler ◽  
Ashutosh Kacker ◽  
Theodore H. Schwartz ◽  
Georgiana A. Dobri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Somatostatin Receptors ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Olfactory Neuroblastoma ◽  
Molecular Target ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Response Monitoring ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
Slow Onset

BACKGROUNDEsthesioneuroblastoma (ENB), also known as olfactory neuroblastoma, is a rare sinonasal neuroectodermal malignancy with a slow onset of symptoms, favorable 5-year survival, and a propensity for delayed locoregional recurrence. Current treatment options include resection, adjuvant radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy; however, because of its rarity and location, determining the optimal treatment for ENB has been challenging.OBSERVATIONSENBs strongly express somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), particularly SSTR2, providing a molecular target for imaging and therapy.LESSONsThe authors present a case series of ENBs imaged with [68Ga]-DOTATATE PET/MRI and PET/CT and discuss the emerging role of [68Ga]-DOTATATE PET for ENB diagnosis, staging, and treatment response monitoring.

scholarly journals Role of the Myokine Irisin on Bone Homeostasis: Review of the Current Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (17) ◽  
pp. 9136
Author(s):  
Amanda Kornel ◽  
Danja J. Den Hartogh ◽  
Panagiota Klentrou ◽  
Evangelia Tsiani
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Signaling Proteins ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Menopausal Women ◽  
Post Menopausal

Bone is a highly dynamic tissue that is constantly adapting to micro-changes to facilitate movement. When the balance between bone building and resorption shifts more towards bone resorption, the result is reduced bone density and mineralization, as seen in osteoporosis or osteopenia. Current treatment strategies aimed to improve bone homeostasis and turnover are lacking in efficacy, resulting in the search for new preventative and nutraceutical treatment options. The myokine irisin, since its discovery in 2012, has been shown to play an important role in many tissues including muscle, adipose, and bone. Evidence indicate that irisin is associated with increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, leading to reduced risk of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In addition, low serum irisin levels have been found in individuals with osteoporosis and osteopenia. Irisin targets key signaling proteins, promoting osteoblastogenesis and reducing osteoclastogenesis. The present review summarizes the existing evidence regarding the effects of irisin on bone homeostasis.

Breast cancer: understanding etiology, addressing molecular signaling pathways, identifying therapeutic targets and strategizing the treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1757-1769
Author(s):  
Preeti Tanaji Mane ◽  
Sangram Prakash Patil ◽  
Balaji Sopanrao Wakure ◽  
Pravin Shridhar Wakte
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Molecular Signaling ◽  
Breast Tumorigenesis ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Cycle Regulation

Breast cancer has messed the life of a greater number of women being the most common cancer affecting them worldwide. A number of risk factors contribute the breast malignancy, however, genetic drift is accountable the most. Depending on the cell origin, invasiveness and receptors involved, breast cancer is classified into various subtypes. The accurate diagnosis of breast cancer is important as it defines the prognosis and directs the type of treatment required. A number of major signaling pathways involved in breast tumorigenesis and its development include estrogen receptors (ERs), HER2, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog (Hh), PI3K and mTOR pathway. Furthermore, certain enzymes like Cyclin dependent kinases and breast tumor kinases also play a vital role in cell cycle regulation and therefore, in the development of breast neoplasms. Recent studies have also enlightened the role of non-coding RNAs in breast cancer development. This review discusses various aspects of breast cancer such as its etiology, subtypes, various signaling pathways involved, targets projected by these pathways and the current treatment options based on a few of these targets. Also, the role of different genes, enzymes and non-coding RNAs related to breast tumorigenesis and development is discussed.

scholarly journals Current treatment options for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors with a focus on the role of lanreotide

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Kos-Kudła ◽  
Jarosław Ćwikła ◽  
Marek Ruchała ◽  
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk ◽  
Barbara Jarzab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors

scholarly journals The Anti-inflammatory Effects of Dietary Anthocyanins against Ulcerative Colitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiyu Li ◽  
Binning Wu ◽  
Wenyi Fu ◽  
Lavanya Reddivari
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Metabolism ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Dietary Strategies

Ulcerative colitis (UC), which is a major form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is a chronic relapsing disorder of the gastrointestinal tract affecting millions of people worldwide. Alternative natural therapies, including dietary changes, are being investigated to manage or treat UC since current treatment options have serious negative side effects. There is growing evidence from animal studies and human clinical trials that diets rich in anthocyanins, which are pigments in fruits and vegetables, protect against inflammation and increased gut permeability as well as improve colon health through their ability to alter bacterial metabolism and the microbial milieu within the intestines. In this review, the structure and bioactivity of anthocyanins, the role of inflammation and gut bacterial dysbiosis in UC pathogenesis, and their regulation by the dietary anthocyanins are discussed, which suggests the feasibility of dietary strategies for UC mitigation.

scholarly journals Emergent Nanotechnological Strategies for Systemic Chemotherapy against Melanoma

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta Oliveira Pinho ◽  
Mariana Matias ◽  
Maria Manuela Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Aggressive Form ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Melanoma Treatment ◽  
Clinical Experiments

Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer, being one of the deadliest cancers in the world. The current treatment options involve surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy and the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Although the last approach is the most used, the high toxicity and the lack of efficacy in advanced stages of the disease have demanded the search for novel bioactive molecules and/or efficient drug delivery systems. The current review aims to discuss the most recent advances on the elucidation of potential targets for melanoma treatment, such as aquaporin-3 and tyrosinase. In addition, the role of nanotechnology as a valuable strategy to effectively deliver selective drugs is emphasized, either incorporating/encapsulating synthetic molecules or natural-derived compounds in lipid-based nanosystems such as liposomes. Nanoformulated compounds have been explored for their improved anticancer activity against melanoma and promising results have been obtained. Indeed, they displayed improved physicochemical properties and higher accumulation in tumoral tissues, which potentiated the efficacy of the compounds in pre-clinical experiments. Overall, these experiments opened new doors for the discovery and development of more effective drug formulations for melanoma treatment.

scholarly journals On the potential role of retinal sheet transplants for sight restoration

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Beyeler
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Successful Transplantation ◽  
Retinal Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Sight Restoration

Retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are among the leading causes of blindness in the world. Retinal sheet transplants offer a promising alternative approach to current treatment options. Here I summarize the findings of a recent study demonstrating intact visually evoked responses in rat primary visual cortex (V1) following successful transplantation, and discuss the suitability of retinal sheet transplants as a treatment option for severe retinal degeneration.

scholarly journals Update on biology and management of mesothelioma

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (159) ◽  
pp. 200226
Author(s):  
Rachelle Asciak ◽  
Vineeth George ◽  
Najiib M. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Incurable Cancer ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Treatment

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive, incurable cancer that is usually caused by asbestos exposure several decades before symptoms arise. Despite widespread prohibition of asbestos production and supply, its incidence continues to increase. It is heterogeneous in its presentation and behaviour, and diagnosis can be notoriously difficult. Identification of actionable gene mutations has proven challenging and current treatment options are largely ineffective, with a median survival of 10–12 months.However, the past few years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of mesothelioma. This has also revealed the limitations of existing diagnostic algorithms and identified new treatment targets.Recent clinical trials have re-examined the role of surgery, provided new options for the management of associated pleural effusions and heralded the addition of targeted therapies. The increasing complexity of mesothelioma management, along with a desperate need for further research, means that a multidisciplinary team framework is essential for the delivery of contemporary mesothelioma care.This review provides a synthesised overview of the current state of knowledge and an update on the latest research in the field.

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