Effect of Temperature, Time, Particle size and Moisture content on Physical and Chemical Properties of Steam Exploded Woody Biomass

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pak Sui Lam ◽  
Sylvia H Larsson ◽  
Shahab Sokhansanj ◽  
Xiaotao Bi ◽  
C Jim Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Woody Biomass ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Temperature Time ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Control of soil development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 941-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Van Cleve ◽  
C.T. Dyrness ◽  
G.M. Marion ◽  
R. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Vegetation Development ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Soil Particle Size ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Alluvial soils on the Tanana River floodplain near Fairbanks, Alaska, were examined for development of physical and chemical properties in relation to soil depth and across a 200-year vegetation development sequence. Development was mediated by ecosystem controls including successional time, vegetation, terrace height, soil physical and chemical properties, and microclimate. These controls interact and are conditioned by the state factors time, flora, topography, parent material, and climate, respectively. On early-successional (<5 years) lower alluvial surfaces, terrace height above groundwater, soil particle size, and microclimate (through soil surface evaporation) interacted through capillary rise to produce salt-affected surface soil. Calcium salts of carbonate and sulfate were the principal chemicals encountered in these soils. Establishment of a vegetation cover between 5 and 10 years introduced evapotranspiration as a new mechanism, along with capillarity, to control moisture suction gradients. In addition, newly formed surface litter layers further helped eliminate evaporation and formation of high salt content surface soil. Continued sedimentation raised terrace elevation, so on older terraces only infrequent flood events influenced soil development. Moreover, in these successional stages, only the highest river stages raised groundwater levels, so transpiration and capillarity influenced water movement to tree root systems. During the first 25–30 years of succession, plant deposition of organic matter and nitrogen, associated with the growth of alder, markedly changed soil properties. Nearly 60% (or 240 g•m−2) of the 400 g•m−2 nitrogen encountered at 100 years was accumulated during this early period. After 100 years of vegetation development, soil carbonate content dropped to about half the peak values of about 1600 g•m−2 encountered between 4 and 25 years. By the time white spruce was the dominant forest type at 180 years, carbonate carbon declined to about 500 g•m−2, one-third that of the 1600 g•m−2 high. By this time surface soil pH declined from high values of 7.5 to between 5.5 and 6.0. Organic carbon continued to accumulate to about 6300 g•m−2 in the white spruce stage, twice that encountered in the alder–poplar stage at 25 years. Indices of moisture retention were most strongly related to either soil particle size (low moisture tension and available moisture range) or vegetation-mediated soil organic matter content (high moisture tension). Cation exchange capacity was most strongly related to a vegetation-mediated index of organic matter (OM) content (%N, %C, or %OM).

scholarly journals PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SORBENTS USED FOR WASTEWATER PURIFICATION FROM OIL PRODUCTS

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Grigoriy I. Gusev ◽  
Andrey A. Gushchin ◽  
Vladimir I. Grinevich ◽  
Tatyana V. Izvekova ◽  
Dmitriy V. Fillipov
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sorption Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Adsorption Parameters ◽  
Wastewater Purification ◽  
Maximum Sorption Capacity ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The work is devoted to the study of the physico-chemical and adsorption properties of synthetic and natural sorbents contaminated with oil products. The parameters such as sorption capacity for petroleum products, water adsorption and moisture content, bulk density, as well as parameters characterizing the sorption equilibrium in the surface layers (distribution coefficients, maximum adsorption values, Henry constants, Gibbs energy changes, adsorption coefficients and filling degrees) were determined. Adsorption isotherms for all sorbents are almost identical in character with a pronounced linear region in the region of low concentrations of oil products and correspond to isotherms of monomolecular adsorption. The sorption capacity of the sorbents under study varies from 10 to 50 mg of oil products per 1 g of sorbent. The maximum sorption capacity among the sorbents studied the Ol-Ex Hard possesses. This sorbent belongs to sorbents of the silicate group and Ol-Ex 82, based on polyurethane. The lowest moisture content is also characteristic for silicate sorbents and does not exceed 0.5 % of their mass. The maximum moisture adsorption is typical for sorbents of SONET Sorb and MGS Sorb. It was revealed that the surface of Ol-Ex Hard is almost completely filled with oil (q → 1), while for shungite the surface will be filled only by 13%. The most effective for trapping oil products should be considered the sorbent Ol-Ex Hard, for which the highest values of adsorption parameters are characteristic.Forcitation:Gusev G.I., Gushchin A.A., Filippov D.V., Grinevich V.I., Izvekova T.V. Physical and chemical properties of sorbents used for wastewater purification from oil products. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 7. P. 136-142

Influence of Physical and Chemical Properties on the Activity of Fly Ashes

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sybertz
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Fly Ashes ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ABSTRACTIn an experimental program, the suitability of various methods for testing the pozzolanic activity of fly ash was investigated. The research was conducted on virtually all fly ashes approved as concrete additives in Germany. This paper discusses differences in the particle size distribution and the solubility on dissolution with hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide of the fly ashes. It also reports on interrelationships between the physical and chemical properties of the fly ashes and the workability and strength of mortars containing fly ash.

The Impact of Different Grazing Intensity on Topsoil Physical and Chemical Properties in Xilamuren Grassland

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 2090-2096
Author(s):  
Yi Fang ◽  
Xiao Jia Li ◽  
Cong Cong Chen ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Rui Ping Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Grassland Ecosystem ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Grassland is an important ecosystem in land surface. Soil is the basis of grassland ecosystem, and the changes of its properties directly affect grassland ecosystem. The study region is located in Xilamuren grassland using the methods of field sampling and experimental analysis. It was divided into four test areas according to grazing intensity. Soil physical and chemical properties were analyzed in each test area. The results showed that: the trend of soil water content decreased and then increased with increasing grazing intensity, soil water content in repaired grassland was the lowest. For the soil mechanical composition, particle size content increased first and then decreased with increasing grazing intensity when the particle size was 1-0.05mm. The difference between the highest and lowest values was obvious. When the particle size was 0.05-0.002mm, the trend of particle size fluctuated, first decreased and then increased, finally reduce again and the difference between the highest and lowest values was obvious. When the particle size was less than 0.002mm, the trend of particle size content increased with increasing grazing intensity. In soil chemical properties, soil organic matter appears downward trend overall as grazing intensity increase. Soil organic matter content was the lowest in repaired grass. Available N and P first decreased and then increased with increasing grazing intensity, the minimum values appeared in the repaired grassland and degraded grassland respectively. Available K content increased with increasing grazing intensity.

Not All That's Gold Does Glitter

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1009-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Mulvaney
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Gold Reserve ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Gold Metal ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Generally, when one looks up the properties of an element such as gold in an encyclopedia, one is immediately confronted with a list of established facts and figures. While many people are aware that most countries do not rely on a “gold reserve” anymore, it is surprising to learn that even basic physical and chemical properties of something as familiar as gold are not as fixed as one may believe. The reason for this is that tabulated values for material properties inevitably refer to macroscopic samples. It turns out that many simple properties such as those listed in the definition given here go spectacularly wrong as the size of the piece of gold is reduced. One of the most dramatic demonstrations of this was provided by Buffat and Borel, who measured the melting point of gold particles as a function of particle size using an electron microscope. They found that by the time gold crystals are just 4 nm across, the melting point drops to 700 K from its “encyclopedia value” of 1337 K. Another example is the noble character of gold metal.

scholarly journals Fungal community characteristics and driving factors during the decaying process of Salix psammophila sand barriers in the desert

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258159
Author(s):  
Yumei Liang ◽  
Yong Gao ◽  
Ruidong Wang ◽  
Xia Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Fungal Community Composition ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Wood-inhabiting fungi are crucial to wood decay and decomposition in S. psammophila sand barriers, which in turn consumingly influence nutrient dynamics in desert soils. In the case of an extremely arid desert, as opposed to forests, little of known about the fungal community composition of decaying wood and the effects of decomposing wood on soil physical and chemical properties. Combined with high-throughput gene sequencing technology, we investigated the relationships between microenvironment factors with fungal community composition and diversity during the decomposition of Salix psammophila sand barriers. The results showed that the destruction of lignocellulose components during the decay process of S. psammophila sand barrier alters the physical and chemical properties of the surrounding soil. Compared with one-year sand barrier, lignin and cellulose of seven-year S. psammophila sand barrier decreased by 40.48% and 38.33%, respectively. Soil available potassium and available nitrogen increased by 39.80% and 99.46%, respectively. We confirmed that soil available nitrogen, soil pH and soil moisture content significantly affected the fungal community distribution of S. psammophila sand barriers. Sordariomycetes are mainly affected by the positive correlation of soil pH, while Eurotiomycetes are most affected by the positive correlation of soil moisture content and soil porosity. Although our results highlighted the importance of bidirectional interactions between fungi in decayed sand barriers and soil properties, their contribution to the desert ecosystem still needs further confirmation from future studies. However, overall our findings improved the current understanding of the sand barrier-soil interactions on the process of ecological restoration.

scholarly journals Effects of Enhancement Techniques on Physical And Chemical Properties of Beef Flanks

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Perkins ◽  
S. J. Morrow ◽  
N. C. Hardcastle ◽  
J. C. Brooks ◽  
A. J. Garmyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Shear Force ◽  
Sodium Tripolyphosphate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Drip Loss ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Moisture Percentage ◽  
Chemical Traits ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

ObjectivesEnhancement of beef with non-meat ingredients is a common practice to improve both palatability and chemical characteristics. However, the delivery method of brine solutions has not been well studied and could play a role in the activity of certain ingredients, ultimately influencing meat characteristics. This study was designed to determine if different enhancement methods impacted the overall physical and chemical properties, including pH, percent pick-up, slice shear force (SSF), and cooked moisture content, of enhanced (water, salt and sodium tripolyphosphate) rectus abdominus.Materials and MethodsUSDA Select beef flank steaks (rectus abdominus) were procured from a beef abattoir and processed at 10 d postmortem. Steaks (n = 100; 20/treatment) were denuded and assigned randomly to one of the five treatments: untreated control (CNT), vacuum tumbled without marinade (TCNT), vacuum tumbled with marinade (TUMB), needle injected with marinade (INJ), and injected with marinade plus vacuum tumbled (IPT). Initial weight and pH were collected pre-enhancement for TUMB, INJ, and IPT. Samples were weighed again immediately after enhancement and 20 min after enhancement. Three weights were collected for IPT: pre-enhancement, post-injection and post-tumble. After flank enhancement, they were sliced in half parallel to the muscle fiber. One half was designated for laboratory analysis. The halves were then frozen and thawed 24 h prior to cooking. A 50-g raw sample was obtained from each flank prior to cooking for SSF to analyze raw moisture content. Each flank was cooked to an internal temperature of 72°C and allowed to rest for 3 min prior to slicing for SSF.ResultsTreatment influenced final pH (P < 0.01), with final pH increasing in INJ, TUMB, and IPT. Differences were noted in final pH between treatments; INJ had the highest pH (6.15), followed by IPT (6.06), TUMB (5.83), CNT (5.76), and TCNT (5.71), with a difference observed between each treatment (P < 0.05). Treatment also impacted (P < 0.01) SSF. The addition of marinade through injection and tumbling reduced (P < 0.05) SSF values, as CNT and TCNT had greater SSF values compared to all other treatments. Injection further reduced SSF values, as INJ and IPT had lower SSF values compared to TUMB (P < 0.05). Cooked moisture was also influenced (P < 0.01) by treatment. IPT and TUMB had greater moisture percentage compared to all other treatments; INJ was intermediate, and CNT and TCNT similarly had lower moisture percentage than the remaining treatments (P < 0.05). Of the three treatments that involved marination, initial and final percent pick-up and drip loss were all influenced by treatment (P < 0.01). Initially, INJ (14.5%) had the greatest percent pick-up, IPT was intermediate (12.9%), and TUMB had the lowest percentage (11.8%). However, drip loss was greatest for INJ (2.3%), intermediate for TUMB (0.2%), and lowest for IPT (0.0%). Final percent pick-up was now greatest for IPT (12.9%), intermediate for INJ (11.9%), and lowest for TUMB (11.5%).ConclusionEnhancement methods can influence physical and chemical traits in terms of moisture, SSF and pH. Injection influenced shear force more than tumbling, whereas tumbling had greater effects on moisture than injection. Combining injection with tumbling had the most positive effect on shear force as well as moisture retention.

scholarly journals Analisis Sifat Fisika dan Kimia Lignin Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit asal Desa Sape, Kabupaten Sanggau, Kalimantan Barat

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Suhartati ◽  
Rachmat Puspito ◽  
Fikri Rizali ◽  
Dian Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) lignin from Sape village in Sanggau, West Borneo has been done. This research was aimed to find extract and isolate the EFB lignin, to determine density, and viscosity of black liquor containing EFB lignin and to find the purity, moisture content and ash content of isolated EFB lignin. Black liquor was extracted by using reflux process and the lignin was isolated by using organosolv process. The result showed that the density and viscosity of the black liquor was 0.9658 g/mL and 1.4565 Ns/m2, respectively. The isolated lignin isolated has purity about 64.64% with moisture content about 3.07% and the ash content about 30.34%. The data from this analysis became the basis of utilization of lignin TKKS in some lignin-based industries. Key words: Analysis of physical and chemical properties, lignin, EFB DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3102

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