Development of an Eighth-scale Grain Drying System with Real-time Microwave Monitoring of Moisture Content

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-774
Author(s):  
Micah A. Lewis ◽  
Samir Trabelsi ◽  
Stuart O. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Drying System

Abstract. After being harvested, cereal grain and oilseed are stored and dried in large cylindrical storage bins. Drying is necessary to prevent spoilage and degradation; however, because of the significant depth of material in the drying bin, a common problem in grain and oilseed drying is overdrying the bottom layer while trying to dry the top layer. This is due to insufficient knowledge of moisture throughout the bin. In some cases, an operator is limited to probing reachable locations to determine moisture content. However, this does not lend to observing the dynamics of moisture content within the bin continuously, and the lower layers of grain or seed within the bin are susceptible to being overdried. Temperature and/or moisture cables to monitor conditions throughout the bin are more widely used. These sensors use a correlation between grain moisture content and temperature and relative humidity. However, error in moisture content determination increases greatly at high relative humidity and/or temperature. By using a microwave moisture sensor operating at 5.8 GHz, developed within USDA ARS, the moisture content of the cereal grain or oilseed can be measured continuously, providing real-time moisture content with 12-s resolution. An automated, eighth-scale grain drying system was developed utilizing temperature and relative humidity sensors at different heights within the grain bin and the microwave moisture sensor to observe drying parameters and moisture migration as the grain or seed dried. Grain and seed moisture content was determined in real-time with a standard error of calibration of = 0.54% moisture content when compared to the reference oven-drying method. Overall evaluation showed that the automated grain drying system is an effective solution for real-time monitoring of moisture content and other parameters during drying. Keywords: Dielectric properties, Grain drying bin, Moisture content, Microwave sensing, Real-time monitoring, Sensors.

Estimating Energy Costs of Nonbeneficial Dryer Operation by Using a Peanut Drying Monitoring System

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah A. Lewis ◽  
Samir Trabelsi ◽  
Stuart O. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Monitoring System ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Moisture Sensor ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Moisture Content Determination

Abstract. Knowledge of kernel moisture content during peanut drying is important to ensure that the bed of peanuts is dried appropriately. However, the lack of a commercially available, industry-accepted solution for real-time kernel moisture content determination during peanut drying makes its detection cumbersome and laborious. Samples of unshelled peanuts are extracted from the semitrailer by an operator periodically, and the samples have to be cleaned and shelled to determine kernel moisture content with the official meter. A peanut drying monitoring system that includes a microwave kernel moisture sensor, developed within the USDA ARS, provides a means for monitoring in-shell kernel moisture content in real-time. The system determines kernel moisture content with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.55% moisture content when compared to the reference oven-drying method. During recent peanut harvest seasons, peanut drying monitoring systems were placed in 13.7-m (45-ft) drying semitrailers, one 3 m (10 ft) from the front of the trailer and the other 3 m (10 ft) from the back of the trailer. As the peanuts dried, pod and kernel moisture content, temperature of the drying peanuts, temperature and relative humidity of the air exhausted from the peanuts, and temperature and relative humidity of the air being blown into the peanuts were measured every 12 seconds. The continuous data, provided by the monitoring systems, were useful in observing the loss of moisture by the peanuts throughout drying. The data also revealed periods of at least 3 hours during which dryer operation did not result in loss of moisture from the peanuts; thus, identifying nonbeneficial dryer operation. Such periods cause a peanut buying point to accumulate unnecessary expenses for propane and/or electric energy which can total up to $3,250 annually for an average-size buying point. Keywords: Dielectric properties, Energy cost, In-shell kernel moisture content, Microwave sensing, Peanut drying, Real-time monitoring, Sensors.

scholarly journals RF signal calibration for improvement of 3D mapping image to locate moisture distribution in rice silo

2021 ◽  
Vol 2107 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
A A Almaleeh ◽  
A Zakaria ◽  
M H F Rahiman ◽  
Y B Abdul Rahim ◽  
L Munirah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Tomographic Images ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Assurance Process ◽  
Rf Signal

Abstract Grain storage is an important part of the post-harvest quality assurance process. The moisture level of the grains during storage is one of the primary problems. The current method of measuring rice grain moisture content is based on random sampling, which is relatively localised, and there is no real-time moisture content measurement available. The RF signal was used to build a new technique for detecting moisture and its presence in rice in real-time in this paper. The mapping of an RF signal, in particular, can be transformed into volumetric tomographic images that can be used to forecast moisture distribution.

Portable Wireless Yield Monitoring System on Conventional Rice Combine

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-203
Author(s):  
Renny Eka Purti ◽  
Azmi Yahya ◽  
Oh Yun Ju ◽  
Maryam Mohd Isa ◽  
Samsuzana Abdul Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Embedded System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
The Embedded System ◽  
Yield Monitoring ◽  
Grain Elevator

Abstract. A simple, portable, and rugged instrumentation system has been successfully developed and field demonstrated to monitor, measure, and record the harvested crop yield and selected machine field performance parameters from the typical rice combines in Malaysia. The complete system comprises of two ultrasonic sensors located at the combine header to measure the cutting width, microwave solid flow, and microwave moisture sensors at the combine clean grain auger to measure the flow rate and moisture content of the cleaned grains going into the grain tank, electromagnetic detector on the combine grain elevator drive shaft to monitor the grain elevator rotational speed, and lastly a DGPS receiver on the combine console roof to indicate the travel speed and geo-position in the field. All these measured parameters were made to display in-real time on the touch panel screen of the embedded system on-board the combine for the interest of the combine operator and also made to display in-real time on the monitor of the toughbook at the on-ground base station for the interest of the system controller. Static calibrations on the individual sensors showed excellent measurement linearity having R2 values within 0.8760 to 1.000 ranges. The wireless communication between the embedded system on-board the combine and the toughbook at the on-ground base station could be sustained to a maximum distance of 185 m apart. Site specific variability maps of crop yield, harvested grain moisture content, combine cutting width, combine traveling speed, combine field capacity, and combine field efficiency within the harvested area could be produced from the data obtained with the instrumentation system using a GIS software. Keywords: Grain harvesting, Paddy mechanization, Precision farming, Wireless data transmission, Yield monitoring.

REAL-TIME MONITORING OF GRAIN MOISTURE IN THE FIELD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kalandarov ◽  
G Aralov ◽  
O Norboyev
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
Time Information

The article deals with the method of measuring grain moisture when it is collected in the field, analyzes the synthesis of a real-time information andmeasurement system.

Calibrating an optical fiber humidity sensor and applying it in real-time monitoring of relative humidity in fresh concrete

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 090604-90606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaokang Zhang Xiaokang Zhang ◽  
Zhuoyong Deng Zhuoyong Deng ◽  
Hanlang Xu Hanlang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Fresh Concrete ◽  
Real Time Monitoring

ACCURACY OF GRAIN MOISTURE CONTENT PREDICTION USING TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY SENSORS

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Uddin ◽  
P. R. Armstrong ◽  
N. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Humidity Sensors ◽  
Grain Moisture

scholarly journals STUDY OF GRAIN DRYING IN THE AUTOMATED GRAIN DRYING UNIT

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
S. A. Pavlov ◽  
T. F. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying

Mine and column grain dryers are a fairly complex object of control in the production line. The process of grain drying is characterized  by a large number of parameters, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing the dryer operation. First of all, this includes the criteria of maximum performance and minimum deviations of the moisture content of the dried grain from the standard values. These criteria, as studies show, are interconnected with each other: an increase in the performance П of the dryer leads to an increase in the moisture content of the grain coming out of it, and, conversely, an attempt to reduce the moisture content of grain causes the need to reduce the performance П. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop the expression for the transfer functions of the of grain flow control depending on perturbations of the initial moisture content and the maximum grain temperature, as well as to conduct experimental studies. (Materials and methods) The authors have developed simplified mathematical models of moisture perturbation compensation of grain coming in for drying and its heating temperature in a drying chamber by changing the dryer performance on the basis of theoretical-and-experimental studies. (Results and discussion). The authors  have obtained  expressions to control the process performance when the current humidity and temperature change through the dryer performance parameters as a function of grain moisture flow and heat used to grain heating up to an acceptable temperature. Farm tests of developed transition management functions have been implemented for dryer SZT-16 controlled by PLC S7-1200 Siemens and operating in an automatic mode. Tests have been conducted on the “Babachev” farm, Karachev district of the Bryansk region in the process of drying food wheat grain. (Conclusion) It has been confirmed that the dryer performance is determined not only by the rated capacity but also by the deviation of the current moisture content of grain from the specified values and by the ratio of the amount of heat used for evaporating and heating. The dryer performance at constant initial humidity is determined by its rated performance, the maximum specified difference of grain temperatures, as well as the ratio of the amounts of heat used for evaporating and heating.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a linear static function for grain moisture meter with capacitive sensors

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-72
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Zabolotnyi ◽  
Vitalii Zabolotnyi ◽  
Nicolay Koshevoy
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Capacitive Sensor ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Capacitive Sensors ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Moisture Meter ◽  
Scale Error

Moisture content is a grain quality factor, a parameter which changes during the processes of storage and processing and determines consumer properties of different food products. OIML organization in its international recommendation OIML R59 “Moisture Meters for Cereal Grain and Oilseeds” restricts maximal permissible value of moisture meters uncertainty to not more than 3% of relative full scale error. Main task of the research is in receiving linear static function for the grain moisture meter with four capacitive sensors. Method of Least Squares and general linear regression instruments had been used for that purpose. Analyzing the graphs of modified static function for different moist substances it was possible to say that it happened to be far more effective than initial static function and the static function received from a first-order polynomial after the LS method implementation. Root mean estimator was calculated for initial static function, the static function received with the LS method and static function, received after general linear regression implementation as an integral difference between nominal and calculated values of moisture content. Corresponding root mean estimator values were 1.3062%, 1.1616% and 0.4158%, that proves the effectiveness of a static function modified with the general linear regression instruments. Keywords: moisture content measurement; capacitive moisture meter; reference channel; capacitive sensor; linear static function

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Prototype Mesin Pengering Gabah Otomatis Menggunakan Metode PID sebagai Kendali Temperatur

Jurnal INFORM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Akhmad Fahruzi ◽  
Ricky Rhamdany
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Driver Circuit ◽  
Thermocouple Temperature

The value of rice grain content after harvest is quite high, around 20-23% in the dry season, and around 24-27% in the wet season. It was drying grain after harvest was processed by the conventional or manual method that carried out the grain drying in the sun. This method has several disadvantages, such as the dependence on the weather, requires a large area, and 54 hours for drying so that the grain becomes dry with a moisture content of 14.12%. From this problem, the researchers made a grain drying machine that could work automatically. The drying machine is made to solve the issues of conventional grain drying so that the machine was completed with a K type thermocouple temperature sensor and grain moisture content. Whereas the heating media uses a fire that is fueled with LPG gas, and then the heat from the fire has flowed into the furnace or grain drying chamber. The heating arrangement was made by regulating of flowing LPG gas to the nozzle through the opened and closed variable valve where the valve shaft was connected to the DC motor shaft. The application of the PID method also used in this drying machine, which has a purpose while controlling the drying temperature to match the Set Value (SV) or the desired temperature at 38oC. The grain moisture content value is considered to have dried up when the grain moisture content value is 14%. The PID method that is implanted into the ATmega16 microcontroller will give a signal to the motor driver circuit to regulate the direction of rotation of the DC motor connected to the opened and closed valve variable. PID method testing was done by trial error and has produced a steady-state error of 5.2% at S0056=38oC with constant values Kp=2, Ki=2, and Kd=10. Whereas for drying grain testing on harvested is done by selecting Ciherang grain with a moisture content of 20% and a weight of 3 kg. The grain drying process takes 30 minutes so that the value of the water content becomes 14% with a drying temperature of 38oC, so the grain drying rate on this machine is 0.17% per minute.

scholarly journals The effect of seed moisture and temperature on grinding characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 01006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waleed Hameed Hassoon ◽  
Dariusz Dziki
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Chenopodium Quinoa ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a native food plant of the Andean region of South America. Quinoa seeds have remarkable nutritional properties, not only from its high protein content, but also from its good amino acid balance. The aim of the study was evaluate the influence of quinoa seed moisture content (10, 12, 14, 16 and 18%) and temperature (-20, 3, 20 and 40°C, with the initial grain moisture content of 10.5%) on grinding process. Especially the particle size distributions and grinding energy indices were determined. The results showed that the increase of seed moisture content from 10 to 16% caused an increase the specific grinding energy from 6.9 to 8.3 kJ·kg-1, beside of this as the moisture increased the average particle also increased. The highest changes were observed in the fraction of coarse particles (above 1.0 mm). Interestingly, the mass fraction of fine particles (below 0.2 mm also increased). Other grinding indices also confirmed an increase the grinding energy requirements with the increase seed moisture content. The temperature of seed has little influence on quinoa grinding process. The highest grinding energy requirements were observed when the frozen seeds were ground.

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