scholarly journals STUDY OF GRAIN DRYING IN THE AUTOMATED GRAIN DRYING UNIT

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
S. A. Pavlov ◽  
T. F. Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying

Mine and column grain dryers are a fairly complex object of control in the production line. The process of grain drying is characterized  by a large number of parameters, quantitatively and qualitatively characterizing the dryer operation. First of all, this includes the criteria of maximum performance and minimum deviations of the moisture content of the dried grain from the standard values. These criteria, as studies show, are interconnected with each other: an increase in the performance П of the dryer leads to an increase in the moisture content of the grain coming out of it, and, conversely, an attempt to reduce the moisture content of grain causes the need to reduce the performance П. (Research purpose) The research purpose is to develop the expression for the transfer functions of the of grain flow control depending on perturbations of the initial moisture content and the maximum grain temperature, as well as to conduct experimental studies. (Materials and methods) The authors have developed simplified mathematical models of moisture perturbation compensation of grain coming in for drying and its heating temperature in a drying chamber by changing the dryer performance on the basis of theoretical-and-experimental studies. (Results and discussion). The authors  have obtained  expressions to control the process performance when the current humidity and temperature change through the dryer performance parameters as a function of grain moisture flow and heat used to grain heating up to an acceptable temperature. Farm tests of developed transition management functions have been implemented for dryer SZT-16 controlled by PLC S7-1200 Siemens and operating in an automatic mode. Tests have been conducted on the “Babachev” farm, Karachev district of the Bryansk region in the process of drying food wheat grain. (Conclusion) It has been confirmed that the dryer performance is determined not only by the rated capacity but also by the deviation of the current moisture content of grain from the specified values and by the ratio of the amount of heat used for evaporating and heating. The dryer performance at constant initial humidity is determined by its rated performance, the maximum specified difference of grain temperatures, as well as the ratio of the amounts of heat used for evaporating and heating.

scholarly journals Development of highly efficient technology of grain moisture-heat treatment and the design of conditioner steamer

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
V. A. Afanasiev ◽  
A. N. Ostrikov ◽  
V. V. Manuilov ◽  
A. I. Aleksandrov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Engineering Calculation ◽  
Thermal Calculation ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Steam Consumption ◽  
Grain Moisture

As a result of the conducted experimental studies, the main kinetic regularities of the steaming process under investigation were determined and the choice of rational modes of grain moisture-heat treatment was validated: steaming of barley and wheat with steam to a moisture content of 19 % at a steam consumption of 100–180 kg/h and a pressure of 0.20–0.35 MPa for 10–12 minutes, and corn – for 15–16 minutes. These developed modes provide the best conditions for the thermomechanical destruction of the protein-carbohydrate complex in order to increase its availability to digestive enzymes and increase the digestibility of starch, do not reduce the digestibility of protein and improve sanitary condition. A method of engineering calculation was developed, which formed the basis for the creation of an original design of conditioner steamer. The performed constructive calculation included the calculation of the mixer-humidifier, the calculation of the jet nozzle and the determination of the dispersed characteristics during steam atomization, as well as the thermal calculation of the conditioner steamer, which made it possible to determine the steam consumption and determine the rational heating temperature of the grains and their moisture content. A distinctive feature of the conditioner steamer is a higher productivity due to the significant acceleration of diffusion process of moisture into grains; the possibility of improving the quality by increasing the degree of starch gelatinization due to selected technological steaming modes.

Mathematical Modeling of the Process of Operation of the Drying Chamber of a Tower Grain Dryer With a Suction Air Flow

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Viktor Shvidia ◽  
◽  
Serhii Stepanenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Optimal Mode ◽  
Drying Chamber ◽  
Main Operating

In the article, a drying scheme in a tower grain dryer has been developed, equations for the conservation of energy and material balance for grain, equations for mass transfer and heat transfer between the drying agent and grain have been drawn up. On their basis, analytical dependences of changes in the temperature and moisture content of grain, moisture content and temperature of the drying agent along and in the width of the drying channel were obtained, depending on the operating parameters (the value of rarefaction in the drying channel, the speed of grain movement along the drying channel, the speed of movement of the drying agent, the initial temperatures of the grain and drying agent, initial moisture content of grain, as well as initial moisture content of drying agent). Their analysis facilitates the work in choosing the optimal mode. The developed analytical dependences of changes in the main drying parameters (moisture and temperature of grain, moisture content and temperature of the drying agent) along the length and width of the drying channel in tower dryers with suction air flow make it possible to link the main operating parameters, which facilitate the choice of rational drying modes.

scholarly journals Rancang Bangun Prototype Mesin Pengering Gabah Otomatis Menggunakan Metode PID sebagai Kendali Temperatur

Jurnal INFORM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Akhmad Fahruzi ◽  
Ricky Rhamdany
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Driver Circuit ◽  
Thermocouple Temperature

The value of rice grain content after harvest is quite high, around 20-23% in the dry season, and around 24-27% in the wet season. It was drying grain after harvest was processed by the conventional or manual method that carried out the grain drying in the sun. This method has several disadvantages, such as the dependence on the weather, requires a large area, and 54 hours for drying so that the grain becomes dry with a moisture content of 14.12%. From this problem, the researchers made a grain drying machine that could work automatically. The drying machine is made to solve the issues of conventional grain drying so that the machine was completed with a K type thermocouple temperature sensor and grain moisture content. Whereas the heating media uses a fire that is fueled with LPG gas, and then the heat from the fire has flowed into the furnace or grain drying chamber. The heating arrangement was made by regulating of flowing LPG gas to the nozzle through the opened and closed variable valve where the valve shaft was connected to the DC motor shaft. The application of the PID method also used in this drying machine, which has a purpose while controlling the drying temperature to match the Set Value (SV) or the desired temperature at 38oC. The grain moisture content value is considered to have dried up when the grain moisture content value is 14%. The PID method that is implanted into the ATmega16 microcontroller will give a signal to the motor driver circuit to regulate the direction of rotation of the DC motor connected to the opened and closed valve variable. PID method testing was done by trial error and has produced a steady-state error of 5.2% at S0056=38oC with constant values Kp=2, Ki=2, and Kd=10. Whereas for drying grain testing on harvested is done by selecting Ciherang grain with a moisture content of 20% and a weight of 3 kg. The grain drying process takes 30 minutes so that the value of the water content becomes 14% with a drying temperature of 38oC, so the grain drying rate on this machine is 0.17% per minute.

scholarly journals Forma e tamanho de grãos de soja para diversos teores de água

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 2821
Author(s):  
Wilker Alves Morais ◽  
Osvaldo Resende ◽  
Fernando Nobre Cunha ◽  
Vitor Marques Vidal ◽  
Nelmício Furtado da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Volumetric Shrinkage ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Soybean Cultivars ◽  
Grain Moisture

Physical properties of soybean grains present differences as a function of cultivars and moisture content, with the correlation between physical properties. This study aimed to determine the characteristics related to the physical properties of grains with different moisture contents of three soybean cultivars. The experimental design was completely randomized design in a 3 × 6 factorial scheme with three replications, consisting of three soybean cultivars (6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001) and six grain moisture contents (11, 13, 15, 17, 19, and 21% wb). Soybean grains presented an initial moisture content of 11.0, 11.0, and 10.8% wb, respectively for 6266 RSF IPRO, BMX Potência RR, and 14403Z6001. The other moisture contents were obtained by soaking in a BOD chamber maintained at 25 °C and 93% of relative humidity. We assessed volume, roundness, sphericity, surface area, volumetric shrinkage, and volumetric shrinkage rate. The data were submitted to the analysis of variance by the F-test (p < 0.05) and when significant, regression analysis was performed for grain moisture contents and the means of cultivars were compared by the Tukey’s test. Pearson’s correlation analysis was also carried out to represent the linearity between grain physical properties. The cultivar BMX Potência RR obtained the highest results for volume, roundness, sphericity, and surface area. Volume and surface area increased as the moisture content of soybean grains increased; the opposite was observed for roundness and sphericity. A linear increase in volumetric shrinkage was observed as moisture content increased. The values of the correlation coefficients of the linear regression models can be used to describe the relationships between physical properties.

The Three-Factor Experiment on Microwave Micronization of Grain Feed

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (44) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Yuriy A. Sobchenko ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr A. Belov ◽  
Akylbek N. Omarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Power Level ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Exchange Energy ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Three Factor

To obtain the most reliable information about the object of research with minimal time and financial costs, it is necessary to search for a rational sequence of data collection on the characteristics of micronization of grain feeds. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in conducting experimental studies of UHF micronization of grain feeds. (Materials and methods) The article presents a full factor experiment as the method of planning and conducting the experiment, this method serves to find the optimal conditions and rules of processes occurring during ultrahigh-frequency processing of grain feed raw materials. Micronization was carried out in the developed installation, which provides the addition of magnetron powers to reduce the cost of the installation and the operating costs of micronization. Authors conducted experiments on feed barley of the second production class. During the experiment there was used the grain moisture meter "Fauna-M", ultra-high-frequency magnetron generators 1 kW Daewoo M 218 and caliper ShTs-1. (Results and discussion) A complete three-factor experiment was performed, as a result of which the influence of design parameters and installation modes on the properties of grain feed was studied on the example of feed barley when adding the magnetron powers in the device. The article presents experimental data on the measurement of the exchange energy content in samples of feed barley grain. Its increase was revealed, which is the main physical and chemical characteristic of the process of micronization of grain feed. (Conclusions) The article presents optimal ratios of variable essential factors, compliance with which can contribute to an increase in the exchange energy content in feed barley grain samples from 12 to 13.1 megajoules per kilogram: humidity of 16.5 percent, the power level of the second device, the height of the radio-transparent end of the waveguide relative to the grain layer level of 41.7 millimeters.

Test Research and Parameter Analysis of Grain Drying Model

2011 ◽  
Vol 66-68 ◽  
pp. 573-576
Author(s):  
Chun Shan Liu ◽  
Wen Fu Wu ◽  
Jia Yao ◽  
Ya Qin Li ◽  
Chuang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Mathematics Model ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying

The purpose of this study is to explore the effecting principle in the drying process. The factors such as hot air temperature, hot air flow, drying time on the grain moisture content have been all investigated. Using UD to establish the optimization mathematics model which making the grain dryer moisture content as the goal of the design, making the factors of hot air flow, drying time, air temperature as parameters, with the help of UD to analysis the effecting principle of the drying process parameters on the grain moisture content, some references have been provided to the tower dryer.

MODELLING THE OZONE PENETRATION IN A GRAIN LAYER / OZONO SKVERBTIES GRŪDŲ SLUOKSNYJE MODELIAVIMAS

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aušra Steponavičienė ◽  
Dainius Steponavičius ◽  
Algirdas Raila ◽  
Aurelija Kemzūraitė
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Real Process ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Grain Drying ◽  
Ozonation Time ◽  
Grain Surface ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Ozonation Process

Studies of grain drying with ozone-air mixture were carried out to detect the ozone penetration patterns through the grain mound of various moisture content (14.6 ≤ w 0 ≤ 23.0%) at different ozone concentrations (500 ≤ C 0 ≤ 1250 ppb) in the supplied air. The ozone penetration through the grain layer depends on the initial ozone concentration in the supplied air, ozonation time, velocity of the supplied air, height of the grain mound, initial grain moisture content and mycobiotic contamination of grain surface. It was determined that in a 60 cm height of the grain layer ozone is first recorded after 12 h, and at 105 cm – only after 34 h at w 0 = 19.0%, C 0 = 500 ppb. If the initial concentration of ozone is higher, it is first recorded sooner. Ozone penetration through the grain layer with higher moisture level is slower, and ozone reaction with grain surface and microflora present on it is longer. Hypothesis about the adequacy of the model (how it reflects the real process) has been verified by calculating reproduction and adequacy variance. The mathematical model could be applied for prediction of the course of grain ozonation process. Santrauka Grūdų džiovinimo ozono ir oro mišiniu tyrimai atlikti siekiant išaiškinti ozono skverbties per skirtingo drėgnio grūdų sampilą dėsningumus (14,6 ≤ w 0 ≤ 23,0%), esant skirtingoms ozono koncentracijoms (500 ≤ C 0 ≤ 1250 ppb) tiekiamame ore. Ozono skverbtis grūdų sluoksnyje priklauso nuo pradinės ozono koncentracijos tiekiamame ore, ozonavimo trukmės, tiekiamo oro greičio, grūdų sampilo aukščio, pradinio grūdų drėgnio ir jų paviršiaus mikobiotinio užterštumo. 60 cm grūdų sluoksnio aukštyje ozonas pradėtas fiksuoti po 12 h, o 105 cm – tik po 34 h, kai w 0 = 19,0%, C 0 = 500 ppb. Padidinus pradinę ozono koncentraciją, ozonas pradedamas fiksuoti greičiau. Ozonuojant drėgnesnius grūdus, ozonas per jų sluoksnį skverbiasi lėčiau, vyksta ilgesnė jo reakcija su grūdų paviršiumi ir ant jų esančia mikroflora. Hipotezė apie modelio adekvatumą (kaip jis atspindi realų procesą) buvo patikrinta apskaičiavus reprodukcijos ir adekvatumo dispersijas. Sudarytas matematinis modelis gali būti taikomas grūdų ozonavimo procesui prognozuoti.

scholarly journals Effect of the initial moisture content of the paddy drying operation for the small community

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-183
Author(s):  
Surachai Hemhirun ◽  
Pracha Bunyawanichakul
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Rotary Valve ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Speed Rotation

After the harvest, the paddy would contain high and unequal initial moisture content, depending on the season and harvest time. As a result, the dehydration was caused by using the dryer while feeding the paddy grain unequal moisture content, the dryer should be properly adjusted to retain the final moisture content as per the rice mill and storage requirements and low specific energy consumption (SEC) were used for the drying operation per one cycle product. The objective of this paper was to study the paddy drying operation by using a continuous cross-flow dryer at a different initial grain moisture content. The research was divided into two steps, the first step began with the drying operation with levels of the initial moisture content 20.0%wb that involved the adjustment of the parameters of an average hot-air temperature 150°C, the speed rotation of an eccentric set of 11.52 rad s–1, the airflow rate 0.016 m3 s–1, and speed rotation of rotary valve 0.21 rad s–1 (approximately feed rate 36 kg h–1), by the application of these parameters, from the obtained results, it was found that grain moisture content of paddy was reduced from 20.0%wb to 14.3%wb as desired, and SEC of 3.60 MJ kg–1 water was evaporated. Then the second step, these parameters were tested in terms of the drying operation that the initial grain moisture content decreased and increased 18.1%wb and 23.0%wb, respectively. The results showed that when the initial grain moisture content decreased, the paddy drying operation reduced the moisture of the paddy until the final grain moisture content became 12.9%wb which was lower than the desired expectation, On the contrary, when the initial moisture content increased, the final grain moisture content became 16.1%wb. This was not sufficient for storage or planting in the next crop year which required re-drying operation as well. Furthermore, the results can be used as reference data and a guideline for small communities in Thailand to appropriate decisions with the drying cost and the value-added tax.

scholarly journals Purwarupa dan Kinerja Pengering Gabah Hybrid Solar Heating dan Photovoltaic Heater dengan Sistem Monitoring Suhu

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Usman Usman ◽  
Akhyar Muchtar ◽  
Umar Muhammad ◽  
Nunik Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Temperature Monitoring ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Measurement Tools ◽  
Drying Efficiency ◽  
And Control

Grain drying is a process to reduce grain moisture content to certain conditions, so the grain can last longer in storage. The grain dryer model used in this research was Indirect Type Solar Dryer (ITSD). In order to make this dryer can work at night, heating element that used electrical energy from solar panels was added. This energy is a renewable and environmentally friendly energy. This dryer was equipped with a temperature monitoring system and control of the photovoltaic heater. The results of temperature monitoring and voltage sensors to controlling photovoltaic heaters based on validation are categorized as work measurement tools, because they have an error of 0.5% – 2%. Whereas the relay works when the battery voltage is 11 - 10.9 V. This dryer can dry grain to reach a moisture content of 14.90% from initial  moisture content of 48.46%. The drying process lasts for 11 hours, which is 7 hours using solar energy and 4 hours using photovoltaic heaters. The average temperature produced by dryer system during the drying process is 35.28 °C with a drying efficiency of 60.14%.

scholarly journals Pengaruh kecepatan udara dan massa gabah terhadap kecepatan pengeringan gabah menggunakan pengering terfluidisasi

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Syahrul ◽  
M. Mirmanto ◽  
S. Romdani ◽  
S. Sukmawaty
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Drying Chamber

Grain processing does not meet the actual grain harvests. This is due to the unsuitable drying process. Milling grain entrepreneurs and farmers in Indonesia are currently conducting a drying process under the sun. Based on the National Standards Body (BSN), grain moisture content must be at 14% to maintain the grain at high qualities. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of velocity and grain mass variations on drying times. The grain used in this study contains an initial moisture content of 22% ± 0.5%. The grain is dried by inserting it into the drying chamber and varying the air velocities and grain mass. The air velocities used are 4 m/s, 5 m/s, 6 m/s and the variations of the grain mass are 1 kg 2 kg and 3 kg. The results show that increasing the air velocity decreases the drying time. On the other hand, when the grain mass is increased, the drying time elevates. The air velocity and mass of the grain that results in the fastest drying time are 6 m/s and 2 kg. The time required for achieving the water content of 13.6% is 30 menit. At the air velocity of 4 m/s, and the grain masses of 1 kg, 2 kg, and 3 kg, to achieve moisture contents of 13.4%, 13.5% and 13.4% the drying time needs 50 minutes.

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