Experimental Study on Tensile Properties of Sugarcane Leaves

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-621
Author(s):  
Jing Bai ◽  
Shaochun Ma ◽  
Jiwei Hu ◽  
Yi Wei ◽  
Fenglei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
List Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Strong Linear Correlation ◽  
Tensile Forces

Highlights This article focuses on the tensile properties of sugarcane leaves. The moisture content and sheath diameter were selected as test factors, and the test index was the stalk-leaf connecting force. The load-displacement curves of stalks and leaves were plotted. Two-way ANOVA was also discussed. Abstract . The tensile properties of sugarcane leaves are critical factors affecting the harvesting quality of sugarcane harvesters. Thus, it is important to investigate the tensile properties of sugarcane stalks and leaves. The selected test factors were leaf moisture content and sheath diameter, and the stalk-leaf connecting force was selected as test index. The tests were conducted with two moisture content levels of 15% and 20%, and three sheath diameters of 22, 26, and 30 mm. The stress-strain curves of stalks and leaves were plotted to show how the tensile force varied during the tensile test. The results showed that there was a strong linear correlation between the stalk-leaf connecting force and diameter of leaf sheath, and the connecting force also increased with the increasing moisture content. In addition, leaf tensile forces in longitudinal direction were much larger than in transverse direction. Two-way ANOVA revealed that both of the moisture contents (A) and sheath diameters (B) had significant effects on the stalk-leaf connecting force (p < 0.01), however, the interaction between A and B was not significant (p > 0.1). This study provides a theoretical reference for the design and improvement of crop dividers of sugarcane harvester. Keywords: Moisture content, Sheath diameter, Stalk-leaf connecting force, Sugarcane leaves, Universal testing machine, Tensile properties.

Theoretical exploration of factors affecting dielectric constants of masson pine

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.-Q. Hou ◽  
Z. Chen ◽  
R.S. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Pinus Massoniana ◽  
Dielectric Constants ◽  
Masson Pine ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ray Cells

AbstractA theoretical model to calculate the dielectric constant of masson pine (Pinus massoniana) in the longitudinal direction was developed by considering the effect of wood moisture content, density, ratio of earlywood to latewood, and the volume fraction of ray cells. The calculated results were used to explore the relationship between dielectric constant and moisture content, density, and other factors. The results indicated that the dielectric constant of masson pine increased with the moisture content. From 0% to 30% moisture content, the longitudinal dielectric constant increased more than 5 times from 2.3 to 13.3. In the range of density from 0.450 to 0.650 (g cm−3at 15% moisture content, the longitudinal dielectric constant increased from 7.7 to 10.0. However, the longitudinal dielectric constant decreased as the volume fraction of ray cells increased.

PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON THE HAMMER MILL 锤片式粉碎机参数优化与试验研究

2020 ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Di Wang ◽  
Changbin He ◽  
Haiqing Tian ◽  
Liu Fei ◽  
Zhang Tao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Spindle Speed ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Evaluation Indexes ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Validation Experiment ◽  
Corn Grain

Low productivity and high electricity consumption are considered problems of the hammer mill, which is widely used in current feed production. In this paper, the mechanical properties of corn grain ground by a hammer mill were analysed, and the key factors affecting the performance of the hammer mill were determined. The single-factor experiment and three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment were carried out with the spindle speed, corn grain moisture content and number of hammers as experimental factors and the productivity and electricity consumption per ton as evaluation indexes. The results showed that the order of influence on the productivity was spindle speed > corn grain moisture content > number of hammers and that the order of influence on the electricity consumption per ton was corn grain moisture content > spindle speed > number of hammers. The parameters were optimized based on the response surface method with the following results: the spindle speed was 4306 r/min, the corn grain moisture content was 10%, and the number of hammers was 24. The validation experiment was carried out with the optimal parameters’ combination. The productivity and electricity consumption per ton were 988.12 kg/h and 5.37 kW·h/t, respectively, which were consistent with the predicted results of the model.

ANALYSIS OF SOUND SPEED IN LONGITUDINAL DIRECTION AT REFERENCE MOISTURE CONTENT (w = 12 %) IN SAWMILL ASSORTMENTS (FAGUS SYLVATICA, L.)

Akustika ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Alena Rohanová
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Dynamic Modulus ◽  
Sound Speed ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Structural Timber ◽  
Sound Speeds ◽  
Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Round Timber

This paper explores the analysis of sound speeds in the longitudinal direction and their reduction to the reference moisture content w = 12 %. The sound speed cw was determined with Sylvatest Duo device. Moisture content of beech sawmill assortments (round timber: N = 16, logs: N = 2 × 16, structural boards: N = 54) in the range of 12 – 72 % was measured. For the analysis purposes, the sound speed was converted to reference conditions (c12, uref = 12%). A second-degree polynomial (parabola) with a regression equation of the form: c// = 5649 - 27,371 × w + 0.0735 × w2 was used to convert cw to c12, and correction of measured and calculated values was used as well. The sound speeds c12 in sawmill assortments (c12,round, c12,log, c12,board) were evaluated by linear dependences. Dependence was not confirmed for c12,round and c12,board1 (r = 0.168), in contrast for c12,round and c12,log2 the dependence is statistically very significant (r = 0.634). The results of testing showed that the most suitable procedure for predicting quality of structural timber is the first step round timber – log2, the second step: log2 - board2. More exact results of the construction boards were obtained from log2 than from log1. The sound speed is used in the calculation of dynamic modulus of elasticity (Edyn). EN 408 mentions the possibility of using dynamic modulus of elasticity as an alternative method in predicting the quality of structural timber.

scholarly journals Cable Tensile Forces Associated to Winch Design in Tethered Harvesting Operations: A Case Study from the Pacific North West

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 827
Author(s):  
Omar Mologni ◽  
Eric D. T. Nance ◽  
C. Kevin Lyons ◽  
Luca Marchi ◽  
Stefano Grigolato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Limit ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
North West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Tensile Forces ◽  
System Activation ◽  
The Impact

Cable tensile forces in winch-assist harvesting have been investigated in order to assess the safety concerns of the technology. However, the literature is lacking, particularly in regards to the impact of winch design. In this study, a Summit Winch Assist tethering a feller-director on ground slopes up to 77% was monitored for four days. The cable tensile forces were simultaneously recorded at the harvesting and anchor machine at a frequency of 100 Hz. Cameras and GNSS devices enabled a time study of the operations and the recording of machine positions. Winch functionality and design were disclosed by the manufacturer and used for the interpretation of the results. The cable tensile forces reached 296 kN at the harvesting machine and 260 kN at the anchor machine. The slow negotiation of obstacles while moving downhill recorded the highest peaks, mainly due to threshold settings of the winch in the brake system activation. Lower but significant peaks were also recorded during stationary work tasks. The peaks, however, were limited to a few events and never exceeded the endurance limit of the cable. Overall, the study confirmed recent findings in cable tensile force analysis of active winch-assist operations and provided evidence of the underlaying mechanisms that contribute to cable tensile forces.

Strength of side-to-side and step-cut repairs in tendon transfers: biomechanical testing of porcine flexor tendons

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1061-1065
Author(s):  
Eivind Strandenes ◽  
Peter Ellison ◽  
Anders O. Mølster ◽  
Nils R. Gjerdet ◽  
Irene O. Moldestad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Biomechanical Testing ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Side Group ◽  
Tendon Transfers ◽  
Flexor Tendons ◽  
Active Mobilization ◽  
The Difference

The aim of the study was to compare side-to-side with step-cut repairs to determine how much of the width it is possible to remove and still keep the repair strong enough to start active mobilization. Porcine flexor tendons were used to create side-to-side, one-third step-cut and half step-cut repairs. There were 15 repairs in each group. The tensile properties of the constructs were measured in a biomechanical testing machine. All repairs failed by the sutures splitting the tendon longitudinally. The maximum load and stiffness were highest in the side-to-side group. Our findings suggest that the half step-cut repair can withstand the forces exerted during active unrestricted movement of the digits in tendons of this size. The advantage of the step-cut repair is reduced bulkiness and less friction, which might compensate for the difference in strength.

Evaluation of Design Characteristics for Animal Mortality Composting Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Tiago Costa ◽  
Neslihan Akdeniz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Volumetric Flow Rate ◽  
Airflow Rate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Composting Systems

HighlightsDesign characteristics for animal mortality compost cover materials were tested.Compressive stress was applied to simulate the effects of the mortalities on cover materials.The highest permeability was measured for sawdust at 25% moisture content.A linear relationship was found between the volumetric flow rate and the power required to aerate the piles.Abstract. Composting is an aerobic process that relies on natural aeration to maintain proper oxygen levels. Air-filled porosity, mechanical strength, and permeability are among the essential parameters used to optimize the process. This study’s objective was to measure the physical parameters and airflow characteristics of three commonly used cover materials at four moisture levels, which could be used in designing actively aerated swine mortality composting systems. A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to measure pressure drops across the cover materials as a function of the airflow rate and the material’s moisture content. Compressive stress was applied for 48 h to simulate the impact of swine mortalities on the cover materials. The power required to aerate each material was determined as a function of volumetric flow rate and moisture content. As expected, air-filled porosity and permeability decreased with increasing bulk density and moisture content. The highest average permeability values were measured at 25% moisture content and ranged from 66 × 10-4 to 70 × 10-4 mm2, from 161 × 10-4 to 209 × 10-4 mm2, and from 481 × 10-4 to 586 × 10-4 mm2 for woodchips, ground cornstalks, and sawdust, respectively. For the range of airflow rates tested in this study (0.0025 to 0.0050 m3 s-1 m-2), a linear relationship (R2 = 0.975) was found between the volumetric flow rate (m3 s-1) and the power required to aerate the compost pile (W per 100 kg of swine mortality). Keywords: Airflow, Darcy’s law, Livestock, Modeling, Permeability, Pressure drop.

Microwave Nondestructive Sensing of Moisture Content and Water Activity of Almonds

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1373-1379
Author(s):  
Samir Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Dielectric Loss Factor ◽  
List Type

HighlightsMoisture and water activity were determined nondestructively and in real time from measurement of dielectric properties.Moisture and water activity calibration equations were established in terms of the dielectric properties.Situations in which bulk density was known or unknown were considered.SEC ranged from 0.41% to 0.68% for moisture and from 0.02 to 0.04 for water activity.Abstract. A method for rapid and nondestructive determination of moisture content and water activity of granular and particulate materials was developed. The method relies on measurement of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor at a single microwave frequency. For the purpose of illustration, the method was applied to predicting the moisture content and water activity of almond kernels. A free-space transmission technique was used for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties. Samples of Bute Padre almond kernels with moisture content ranging from 4.8% to 16.5%, wet basis (w.b.), and water activity ranging from 0.50 to 0.93 were loaded into a Styrofoam sample holder and placed between two horn-lens antennas connected to a vector network analyzer. The dielectric properties were calculated from measurement of the attenuation and phase shift at 8 GHz and 25°C. The dielectric properties increased linearly with moisture content, while they showed an exponential increase with water activity. Situations in which the bulk density was known and unknown were considered. Linear and exponential growth regressions provided equations correlating the dielectric properties with moisture content and water activity with coefficients of determination (r2) higher than 0.96. Analytical expressions of moisture content and water activity in terms of the dielectric properties measured at 8 GHz and 25°C are provided. The standard error of calibration (SEC) was calculated for each calibration equation. Results show that moisture content can be predicted with SECs ranging from 0.41% to 0.68% (w.b.) and water activity with SECs ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 for almond kernel samples with water activity ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 and moisture contents ranging from 4.8% to 16.5% (w.b.). Keywords: Bulk density, Dielectric constant, Dielectric loss factor, Free-space measurements, Loss tangent, Microwave frequencies, Moisture content, Water activity.

Analysis of environmental factors affecting methane production from high-solids organic waste

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 493-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Lay ◽  
Y. Y. Li ◽  
T. Noike ◽  
J. Endo ◽  
S. Ishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
High Solids ◽  
Methanogenic Activity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bacterial System ◽  
Sludge Cake ◽  
Production Curve ◽  
Ph Range

A simple model developed from the Gompertz equation was used to describe the cumulative methane production curve in the batch culture. By using this model, three key parameters, namely methane production rate, potential and lagphase time, in a cumulative methane production curve were exactly estimated based on the experimental data. The results indicate that each gram of dry organic waste of a sludge cake, meat, carrot, rice, potato and cabbage had a methane production potential of 450, 424, 269, 214, 203 and 96 mL, respectively. The methanogenic activity of these digesters decreased with a decrease in the moisture content. The moisture content threshold limit, at which the methanogenic activity dropped to zero, was found to be 56.6% for the sludge cake, but greater than 80% for meat, carrot and cabbage. In the high-solids sludge digestion, the relative methanogenic activity dropped from 100% to 53% when the moisture content decreased from 96% to 90%. The rate of methane production at moisture contents of 90% to 96% functioned in a pH range between 6.6 and 7.8, but optimally at pH 6.8, and the process may fail if the pH was lower than 6.1 or higher than 8.3. On the other hand, the methanogenic activity was dependent on the level of ammonium, NH4+, but not free ammonia, NH3, indicating that the NH4+ was the more significant factor rather than the NH3 in affecting the methanogenic activity of a well-acclimatized bacterial system. In the wide pH range of 6.5 to 8.5, the methanogenic activity decreased with the increase in the NH4+; dropped 10% at the NH4+-N concentration of 1670-3720 mg·L−1, 50% at 4090-5550 mg·L−1 and dropped to zero at 5880-6600 mg·L−1. However, the lagphase time was dependent on the NH3 level, but not on NH4+, and when NH3-N was higher than 500 mg·L−1, a notable shock was observed. This suggests that the NH3 level was the more sensitive factor than the NH4+ level for an unacclimatized bacterial system.

scholarly journals Effect of alkaline solutions on the tensile properties of glass-polyester pipes

2011 ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavisa Putic ◽  
Marina Stamenovic ◽  
Jelena Petrovic ◽  
Marko Rakin ◽  
Bojan Medjo
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Circumferential Direction ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Definite Structure

Construction materials, traditionally used in process equipment, are today successfully replaced by composite materials. Hence, many pipes are made of these materials. The subject of this study was the influence of liquids on the state of stresses and tensile strengths in the longitudinal and circumferential direction of glass-polyester pipes of a definite structure and known fabrication process. These analyses are of great importance for the use of glass-polyester pipes in the chemical industry. The tensile properties (the ultimate tensile strength and the modulus of elasticity) were tested and determined for specimens cut out of the pipes; flat specimens for the tensile properties in the longitudinal direction and ring specimens for the tensile properties in the circumferential direction. First, the tension test was performed on virgin samples (without the influence of any liquid), to obtain knowledge about the original tensile properties of the material composite studied. Subsequently, the specimens were soaked in alkaline solutions: sodium hydroxide (strong alkali) and ammonium hydroxide (weak alkali). These solutions were selected because of their considerable difference in pH values. The specimens and rings were left for 3, 10, 30 and 60 days in each liquid at room temperature. Then, the samples were tested on tension by the standard testing procedure. A comparison of the obtained results was made based on the pH values of the aggressive media in which the examined material had been soaked, as well as based on the original tensile properties and the number of days of treatment. Micromechanical analyses of sample breakage helped in the elucidation of the influence of the liquids on the structure of the composite pipe and enabled models and mechanisms that produced the change of strength to be proposed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on the Tensile Properties of Gellan Gum/KCF Biocomposite Films - A Prelude Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahmad Adlie Shamsuri ◽  
Khalina Abdan ◽  
Tatsuo Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Gellan Gum ◽  
Mixed Solution ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Biocomposite Films ◽  
Biocomposite Film

In this prelude study, the gellan gum/kenaf core fiber (KCF) biocomposite films were fabricated with the addition of imidazolium-based ionic liquids such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (Bmim Cl), 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulphate (Dmim MeSO4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (Emim Ac), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Emim OTf). The fabrication of the biocomposite films was carried out by mixing KCF and the ionic liquids in an aqueous solution, followed by dissolution of gellan gum in the same solution at a temperature of 90°C. The mixed solution was gelled at room temperature, and the formed gel was dried in an oven at 40°C for 48 hours to obtain a freestanding biocomposite film. The fabricated films were characterized by using a universal testing machine to acquire tensile properties. The tensile test results indicated that the biocomposite film added with Emim Ac possesses a higher tensile extension at maximum (up to 24%) than the biocomposite film without ionic liquid (added with glycerol). In addition, the biocomposite film added with Emim OTf has a higher tensile modulus at maximum (up to 758%) compared to the biocomposite film without ionic liquid. In conclusion, the tensile properties of the gellan gum/KCF biocomposite films can be improved with the addition of Emim-based ionic liquids with different counter anions.

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