Particulate Matter Concentrations and Emission Rates at Two Retrofitted Manure-Belt Layer Houses

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 829-841
Author(s):  
Reyna M. Knight ◽  
Xinjie Tong ◽  
Lingying Zhao ◽  
Roderick B. Manuzon ◽  
Matthew J. Darr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
List Type ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations

HighlightsAnnual average PM10 (daily) and PM2.5 (hourly) concentrations of 509 ±203 and 43.3 ±36.1 µg m-3, respectively.Significant seasonal and diurnal variations in PM concentrations; higher in colder seasons and during daytime.Annual average PM10 (daily) and PM2.5 (hourly) emission rates of 17.9 ±9.6 and 1.41 ±1.53 mg d-1 hen-1, respectively.Significant diurnal variations in PM emission rates but inconsistent seasonal variations; higher during daytime.Abstract. Particulate matter (PM) concentration and emission rate information is needed to assess air quality concerns and environmental impacts related to egg production. Many egg layer buildings were retrofitted from high-rise to manure-belt houses over the past few decades. However, no studies have reported these PM data for the retrofitted layer houses. In this study, concentrations and emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 were continuously monitored for 12 months at two commercial retrofitted manure-belt layer houses in the Midwestern U.S. The average daily mean PM10 and average hourly mean PM2.5 concentrations in the houses were 509 ±203 µg m-3 and 43.3 ±36.1 µg m-3, respectively. Significant seasonal and diurnal variations in PM concentrations were observed, with higher concentrations in colder seasons and during daytime. The average daily mean PM10 and average hourly mean PM2.5 emission rates from the two houses were 17.9 ±9.6 mg d-1 hen-1 and 1.41 ±1.53 mg d-1 hen-1, respectively. There were no consistent patterns in seasonal variations. Significant diurnal variations were also observed for PM emission rates, with higher PM emission rates observed during daytime. The PM concentrations were significantly correlated with ambient temperature, ventilation rate, bird age, egg production, daily mortality, and feed conversion ratio, while PM emission rates were significantly correlated with ambient temperature, bird age, bird mass, egg mass, and ventilation rate. Keywords: Diurnal variation, Dust, Egg production, PM, Poultry, Seasonal variation.

Characteristics of Particulate Matter Emissions from Swine and Poultry Production Houses in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1569-1579
Author(s):  
Fei Hu ◽  
Bin Cheng ◽  
Lingjuan Wang-Li
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
List Type ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Emission Data ◽  
Poultry Houses

HighlightsParticulate matter (PM) data were analyzed to identify PM emission characteristics among different animal types.The PM concentrations were higher in broiler chicken and swine farrowing houses and were higher in winter.The PM emissions were also higher in broiler chicken houses and swine farrowing rooms.The PM in the layer chicken house in Indiana had narrower distributions with a greater percentage of smaller particles.Abstract. Understanding the characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOs) is essential to address the associated health and environmental impacts and to develop control strategies to mitigate such impacts. This article reports a study of PM concentrations and emission characteristics from 26 poultry and swine production houses to investigate the similarities and differences in PM emission characteristics, e.g., concentrations, emission rates, and particle size distribution (PSD), among different animal and housing types. Concentration and emission data for PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) collected by the National Air Emission Monitoring Study (NAEMS) were used to compare the differences among different production practices and animal types. The PSDs of the PM were examined based on the PM2.5/PM10 and PM10/TSP emission rate ratios. It was discovered that the concentrations of PM varied among animal types. For poultry, the concentrations of PM were higher in broiler houses than in other poultry houses. For swine, the average concentrations of PM were higher in farrowing rooms than in swine barns. Moreover, the PM concentrations in poultry and swine houses exhibited significant seasonal trends, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer, which were in a reverse relationship with ventilation rates. The PM emissions also varied among animal types. For poultry, the PM emissions were significantly higher for poultry production houses in California. For swine, the PM emissions were significantly higher for farrowing rooms than other swine houses. The PSD of PM varied among animal types, with mass median diameters (MMD) in the ranges of 6.51 to 13.62 µm for poultry houses and 7.94 to 17.19 µm for swine houses. The geometric standard deviations (GSD) were in the ranges of 1.66 to 2.71 and 1.65 to 2.9 for poultry and swine PM, respectively. The PM in the layer house in Indiana had a narrower distribution (smaller GSD) with a greater percentage of smaller particles than the other poultry houses, while the PM in the broiler house in California had a broader distribution (larger GSD) than the other poultry houses. For swine, the PM in the sow barn in North Carolina had a narrower distribution (smaller GSD) than the other swine houses, while the PM in the farrowing houses in Oklahoma had a broader distribution (larger GSD) than the other swine houses. The knowledge gained from this research may provide insights for addressing the PM emissions from various animal production systems. Keywords: Concentration and emission, Particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, Poultry, swine, PSD, TSP.

scholarly journals Low Temperate Zone Sporadic-E: Seasonal and Diurnal Variations at Rarotonga

1986 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 401
Author(s):  
WJ Baggaley
Keyword(s):  
Large Deviations ◽  
Local Time ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Seasonal Characteristics ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations ◽  
Sporadic E ◽  
Diurnal Period

The seasonal variations of strong E s occurrence as a function of diurnal period have been obtained for the Pacific station of Rarotonga (21 0 .2 S). The seasonal characteristics depend markedly on local time with afternoon Es activity showing large deviations-equinoxial enhancements and summer peaks occurring before solstice-from those expected from the formation processes currently understood.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Ozone near the Mesopause from Observations of the 11.072-GHz Line

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2192-2199 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. E. Rogers ◽  
M. Lekberg ◽  
P. Pratap
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Atomic Hydrogen ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Mesopause Region ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Rates Of Change ◽  
Broadband Emission ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations

Abstract Ground-based observations of the 11.072-GHz line of ozone were made from January 2008 through January 2009. These observations provide an estimate of the diurnal and seasonal variations of ozone in the mesopause region. The 11-GHz line is more sensitive to the ozone at higher altitudes than ground observations of the 142-GHz line, because of the reduced Doppler line width. The observations show an increase in the volume mixing ratio of ozone above 80 km at night by more than a factor of 10 and a seasonal variation of about a factor of 2, which is consistent with the semiannual variations of atomic hydrogen in the mesopause region. The diurnal amplitude and rates of change of the mixing ratios at sunrise and sunset are compared with ground-based observations of the 142-GHz line and the observations of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite, as well as with a simplified chemical model of the creation and destruction of ozone in the mesopause region.

Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions at Two Commercial Manure-Belt Layer Houses with Mixed Tunnel and Cross Ventilation

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 2073-2087
Author(s):  
Xinjie Tong ◽  
Lingying Zhao ◽  
Roderick B. Manuzon ◽  
Matthew J Darr ◽  
Reyna M Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Air Streams ◽  
Ventilation Systems

HighlightsAnnual average NH3 concentrations in two retrofitted manure-belt layer houses were 4.0 ±3.3 and 5.2 ±3.0 ppmv.Seasonal and diurnal variations were observed for NH3 concentrations (higher in colder seasons and early morning).Annual average NH3 emission rates from the two layer houses were 0.081 ±0.004 and 0.099 ±0.004 g d-1 hen-1.No consistent pattern was found for either seasonal or diurnal variations in NH3 emission rates.Abstract. Ammonia emission measurements at poultry houses are necessary to assess air quality and emission factors associated with poultry operations, but no data have been reported for manure-belt layer houses retrofitted from high-rise layer houses. Two commercial retrofitted manure-belt layer houses (both 121.9 m long, 19.5 m wide, and 7.7 m high; 170,000 bird nominal capacity each) in Ohio with mixed usage of tunnel and cross ventilation systems were continuously monitored for one year. The daily averages of the exhaust NH3 concentrations varied from 0.03 to 17.7 ppmv in house 1 and 0.37 to 14.4 ppmv in house 2 with annual means (±SD) of 4.0 ±3.3 and 5.2 ±3.0 ppmv, respectively. The NH3 emission factors based on the full year of data for houses 1 and 2 were 0.081 ±0.004 and 0.099 ±0.004 g d-1 hen-1 (12.5 ±10.1 and 15.2 ±10.6 kg d-1 house-1 or 24.9 ±20.0 and 31.1 ±23.4 g d-1 AU-1), respectively. Seasonal variations were observed for NH3 concentrations, with higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer. Within a day, NH3 concentrations were highest from 4:00 to 8:00 and lowest from 16:00 to 20:00. No consistent pattern was observed for seasonal or diurnal variations of NH3 emission rates. Higher NH3 concentrations and emissions were observed at the east and west exhaust air streams of the houses compared to the north and south exhaust air streams due to the unique configuration of the ventilation systems. NH3 emission was correlated with exhaust absolute humidity, hen caloric intake, feed consumption, and protein percentage of feed. Keywords: Ammonia emission factor, Diurnal variation, High-rise, Retrofitted poultry house, Seasonal variation, Spatial variation.

scholarly journals Odour, dust and non-methane volatile organic-compound emissions from tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds: a case study of two farms

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Dunlop ◽  
Zoran D. Ristovski ◽  
Erin Gallagher ◽  
Gavin Parcsi ◽  
Robin L. Modini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dust Emission ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Layer Chicken ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Cleaning Cycle ◽  
Study Sites

An observational study was undertaken to measure odour and dust (PM10 and PM2.5) emission rates and identify non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and odorants in the exhaust air from two tunnel-ventilated layer-chicken sheds that were configured with multi-tiered cages and manure belts. The study sites were located in south-eastern Queensland and the West Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Samples were collected in summer and winter on sequential days across the manure-belt cleaning cycle. Odour emissions ranged from 58 to 512 ou/s per 1000 birds (0.03–0.27 ou/s.kg) and dust emission rates ranged 0.014–0.184 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM10 and 0.001–0.190 mg/s per 1000 birds for PM2.5. Twenty NMVOCs were identified, including three that were also identified as odorants using thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/olfactometry analysis. Odour emission rates were observed to vary with the amount of manure accumulation on the manure belts, being lowest 2–4 days after removing manure. Odour emission rates were also observed to vary with diurnal and seasonal changes in ventilation rate. Dust emissions were observed to increase with ventilation rate but not with manure accumulation. Some NMVOCs were identified at both farms and in different seasons whereas others were observed only at one farm or in one season, indicating that odorant composition was influenced by farm-specific practices and season.

scholarly journals Seasonal and diurnal variations of black carbon and organic carbon aerosols in Bangkok

2011 ◽  
Vol 116 (D15) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. Sahu ◽  
Y. Kondo ◽  
Y. Miyazaki ◽  
Prapat Pongkiatkul ◽  
N. T. Kim Oanh
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Seasonal And Diurnal Variations ◽  
Carbon Aerosols

Breeding

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
White Leghorn ◽  
Egg Weight ◽  
Average Production ◽  
The Way

1.The connection between the rate of maturity (number of days between birth and production of the first egg) and egg production of 938 White Leghorn pullets, hatched and reared on the Experimental farm of the Oliefabrieken Calvé-Delft was investigated. The pullets were of various strains and received widely differing treatment as regards feeding.2.There is a curvilinear correlation between rate of maturity and to talproduction and also between rate of maturity and winter production. It is, therefore, not correct to calculate with rectilinear correlations or regressions.3.The conditions, obtaining during the rearing, influence not only the rate of maturity, but also the connection between the rate of maturity and egg production.4.It is, therefore, impossible to state any generally acceptable rules concerning the way in which the existing connection can be used to raise the average production by the elimination of certain birds.5.Even when the pullets have been carefully culled either before or at the commencement of production, it is possible to raise the average production still further by eliminating those birds, which come into production last. A considerable number of bad producers are found among the birds with the slowest rate of maturity.6.No connection was found between rate of maturity and mortality.7.Neither was there any connection between rate of nlaturity and the average weight of the eggs produced after December.8.For the 514 birds which began production after 30th September, 1935, a rectilinear correlation of +0.66±0.02 was found between rate of maturity and the average weight of the first ten eggs produced. The regression-eo-efficient of this “inception egg-weight” to rate of maturity in +0.16±0.02.

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