scholarly journals Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-477
Author(s):  
DWI ASTIANI ◽  
BURHANUDDIN BURHANUDDIN ◽  
EVI GUSMAYANTI ◽  
TRI WIDIASTUTI ◽  
MUHAMMAD J. TAHERZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Water Tables

Astiani D, Burhanuddin, Gusmayanti E, Widiastuti T, Taherzadeh MJ. 2018. Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration. Biodiversitas 19: 472-477. The major drivers of deforestation in West Kalimantan have been the development for large or small-scale expansion of agricultural activities; the establishment of oil palm and other plantations; fire; and degradation of forests particularly from industrial logging. Our previous research findings have shown that such activities in affected peatland areas have lowered the water table levels (down to 0.5-1.0 m depths), and have significantly increased CO2 emissions from the peat soils. It has been demonstrated that unmanaged, lowered water tables in peatlands act as one of the main factors inflating soil carbon emissions - an issue that has assumed global significance in recent decades. Regulating peatland water tables has the potential to mitigate degraded peatland carbon emissions as well as improve the hydrological functions for communities who farm the peatlands. However, we are still uncertain exactly how much impact controlled raising of the peatlands water tables will have on reducing soil CO2 emissions. The research described here aimed to mitigate CO2 emissions by raising and regulating water levels on drained peatland to restore and enhance its hydrological functions. The results confirmed that raising the water table significantly decreases CO2 emissions and improves water availability and management for crop production in the coastal peatland of Kubu Raya district, West Kalimantan. Water levels previously at 60cm below the soil surface were regulated to raise the watertable up to just 30 cm below the surface and this reduced peatland carbon emissions by about 49%. However, longer-term monitoring is required to ensure that the hydrological benefits and CO2 mitigation can be sustained.

scholarly journals Local knowledge on landscape sustainable-hydrological management reduces soil CO2 emission, fire risk and biomass loss in West Kalimantan Peatland, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-731
Author(s):  
DWI ASTIANI ◽  
MOHAMMAD J TAHERZADEH ◽  
EVI GUSMAYANTI ◽  
TRI WIDIASTUTI ◽  
BURHANUDDIN BURHANUDDIN
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Soil Co2 Emission ◽  
Biomass Loss

Abstract. Astiani D, Taherzadeh MJ, Gusmayanti E, Widiastuti T, Burhanuddin. 2019. Local knowledge on landscape sustainable-hydrological management reduces soil CO2 emission, fire risk and biomass loss in West Kalimantan Peatland, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 725-731.  Local knowledge in managing peatlands, especially in the area of peat hydrology, has been practiced through generations to manage peatlands for agriculture and small scale gardens. Farmers in West Kalimantan have developed the way to conserve water by making simple dams using soil or woody plants to hold water from the peat upstream areas on small channels or rivers. To reduce puddles during rain or tides, people make small trenches, so-called parit cacing in the middle of the larger channel. The trench cross-section size is ~30-40 cm2. This channel can maintain the peat water level to the extent of the depth of the channel. These channels, at the same time, are useful, for a clear, easy land ownership border for one farmer family land. The results of CO2 emissions assessment at various water levels on the peatland landscape demonstrate that the landscape which surrounded by the parit cacing trenches can maintain lower CO2 emissions compared to the one that has deeper water levels. The knowledge to develop this channel has also reduced the risk of peatland fire hazard and the amount of peat biomass loss on a fire event. An assessment on the effect of water level on the loss of peat biomass when burned, reduce 30-78% loss risks if compared to water table depth of 60-80cm, which is assumed as general practices on peatland recently. The practices of the knowledge on peatlands hydrology management can reduce the risk of peatland soil CO2 emission as well as loss of peat mass through decomposition and during peat fires.

scholarly journals Estimation of Indonesian Peat Forest Carbon Emissions based on Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite Image

Agromet ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
A Awaluddin ◽  
Albertus Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Tropical Peatland

Calculation of carbon emission in tropical peatland forest still unsolved problem. In this paper, we propose a method to calculate carbon emission by using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite. The SMAP images on January  2018 enhanced 1.3 radiometer Global Daily 9 km, EASE grid overlayed with peat map. The water table mapping obtained by using empirical relation between soil moisture and water table in January 2018 shows a pattern according to some observation. The carbon emission map on January 2018 shows the average is about 280 gC km-2.

scholarly journals Creation of Zero CO2 Emission Plants Due to Energy Use: A Case Study in Crete, Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
John Vourdoubas
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Tree Plantation ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic System

Creation of zero CO2 emission enterprises due to energy use in Crete, Greece has been examined with reference to an orange juice producing plant (Viochym). Energy intensity at Viochym has been estimated at 1.66 KWh per € of annual sales. Oil used for heat generation has been replaced with solid biomass produced locally in Crete and resulting in zero CO2 emissions due to the use of heat. Offsetting CO2 emissions due to grid electricity use has been proposed with two options. The first includes the installation of a solar photovoltaic system with nominal power of 417 KWp, according to net metering regulations, generating annually 625 MWh equal to annual grid electricity consumption in the plant. Its capital cost has been estimated at 0.5 mil € which corresponds to 1.07 € per kg of CO2 saved annually.The second option includes the creation of a tree plantation in an area of 107 hectare resulting in carbon sequestration equal to carbon emissions in the plant due to electricity use. Both options for offsetting CO2 emissions in Viochym have various advantages and drawbacks and they are considered realistic and feasible, resulting in the elimination of its carbon emissions due to energy use. Improvement of the energy intensity of various processes in Viochym could result in lower CO2 emissions and smaller sizing of the required renewable energy systems for eliminating them.

scholarly journals Carbon dioxide emissions from an <i>Acacia</i> plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8269-8302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jauhiainen ◽  
A. Hooijer ◽  
S. E. Page
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Root Respiration ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Plantation Development ◽  
Peat Surface

Abstract. Peat surface CO2 emission, groundwater table depth and peat temperature were monitored for two years along transects in an Acacia plantation on thick tropical peat (>4 m) in Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 2300 emission measurements were taken at 144 locations. The autotrophic root respiration component of the CO2 emission was separated from heterotrophic emissions caused by peat oxidation in three ways: (i) by comparing CO2 emissions within and beyond the tree rooting zone, (ii) by comparing CO2 emissions with and without peat trenching (i.e. cutting any roots remaining in the peat beyond the tree rooting zone), and (iii) by comparing CO2 emissions before and after Acacia tree harvesting. On average, the contribution of root respiration to daytime CO2 emission is 21 % along transects in mature tree stands. At locations 0.5 m from trees this is up to 80 % of the total emissions, but it is negligible at locations more than 1.3 m away. This means that CO2 emission measurements well away from trees are free of any root respiration contribution and thus represent only peat oxidation emission. We find daytime mean annual CO2 emission from peat oxidation alone of 94 t ha−1 yr−1 at a mean water table depth of 0.8 m, and a minimum emission value of 80 t ha−1 yr−1 after correction for the effect of diurnal temperature fluctuations, which resulted in a 14.5 % reduction of the daytime emission. There is a positive correlation between mean long-term water table depths and peat oxidation CO2 emission. However, no such relation is found for instantaneous emission/water table depth within transects and it is clear that factors other than water table depth also affect peat oxidation and total CO2 emissions. The increase in the temperature of the surface peat due to plantation development may explain over 50 % of peat oxidation emissions.

scholarly journals Effects of Long-Term Nitrogen Fertilization and Ground Water Level Changes on Soil CO2 Fluxes from Oil Palm Plantation on Tropical Peatland

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Auldry Chaddy ◽  
Lulie Melling ◽  
Kiwamu Ishikura ◽  
Kah Joo Goh ◽  
Yo Toma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Soil Co2 ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation

A long-term study on the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in tropical peatland was conducted to (1) quantify the annual CO2 emissions from an oil palm plantation under different N application rates and (2) evaluate the temporal effects of groundwater level (GWL) and water-filled pore space (WFPS) on soil organic carbon (SOC) and CO2 fluxes. Monthly measurement of soil CO2 fluxes using a closed chamber method was carried out from January 2010 until December 2013 and from January 2016 to December 2017 in an oil palm plantation on tropical peat in Sarawak, Malaysia. Besides the control (T1, without N fertilization), there were three N treatments: low N (T2, 31.1 kg N ha−1 year−1), moderate N (T3, 62.2 kg N ha−1 year−1), and high N (T4, 124.3 kg N ha−1 year−1). The annual CO2 emissions ranged from 7.7 ± 1.2 (mean ± SE) to 16.6 ± 1.0 t C ha−1 year−1, 9.8 ± 0.5 to 14.8 ± 1.4 t C ha−1 year−1, 10.5 ± 1.8 to 16.8 ± 0.6 t C ha−1 year−1, and 10.4 ± 1.8 to 17.1 ± 3.9 t C ha−1 year−1 for T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Application of N fertilizer had no significant effect on annual cumulative CO2 emissions in each year (p = 0.448), which was probably due to the formation of large quantities of inorganic N when GWL was temporarily lowered from January 2010 to June 2010 (−80.9 to −103.4 cm below the peat surface), and partly due to low soil organic matter (SOM) quality. A negative relationship between GWL and CO2 fluxes (p < 0.05) and a positive relationship between GWL and WFPS (p < 0.001) were found only when the oil palm was young (2010 and 2011) (p < 0.05), indicating that lowering of GWL increased CO2 fluxes and decreased WFPS when the oil palm was young. This was possibly due to the fact that parameters such as root activity might be more predominant than GWL in governing soil respiration in older oil palm plantations when GWL was maintained near or within the rooting zone (0–50 cm). This study highlights the importance of roots and WFPS over GWL in governing soil respiration in older oil palm plantations. A proper understanding of the interaction between the direct or indirect effect of root activity on CO2 fluxes and balancing its roles in nutrient and water management strategies is critical for sustainable use of tropical peatland.

scholarly journals Analyzing Trends in Water Table Elevations at the Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, U.S.A.

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Anna Stockstad ◽  
Ella Gray ◽  
Stephen Sebestyen ◽  
Nina Lany ◽  
Randall Kolka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Water Table Fluctuations ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Over Time

Water table fluctuations in peatlands are closely coupled with the local climate setting and drive critical ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. In Minnesota, USA, peatlands cover ten percent of the surface area, approximately 2.5 million hectares, some of which are actively managed for forest products. To explore the relationship between peatland water tables and precipitation, long-term data (1961 to 2019) were used from the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota. Starting in 1961, water table data from seven peatlands, including two types of peatlands (bogs and fens), were measured. We used the Theil-Sen estimator to test for monotonic trends in mean monthly water table elevations for individual peatlands and monthly precipitation. Water levels in bogs were both more variable and had mean water table elevations that were closer to the surface. Individual trends of water table elevations differed among peatlands. Water table elevations increased over time in three of the bogs studied and decreased over time in two of the bogs studied. Trends within fens were notably nonlinear across time. No significant linear trend was found for mean monthly precipitation between 1961 and 2019. These results highlight differences in peatlands types, local physiography, and the importance of understanding how changes in long-term dynamics coupled with changing current conditions will influence the effects of water table fluctuations on ecosystem services. The variability of water table elevations in bogs poses potential difficulties in modeling these ecosystems or creating adaptive management plans. KEYWORDS: Peatlands; Hydrology; Water tables; Bogs; Fens; Monitoring; Minnesota; Climate Change

scholarly journals Pendugaan Emisi CO2 dari Lahan Gambut dengan Menggunakan Model Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Anna Farida ◽  
Satyanto Krido Saptomo ◽  
Yudi Chadirin ◽  
Budi Indra Setiawan ◽  
Kazutoshi Osawa
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Biophysical Environment ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Continuous Estimation ◽  
Closed Chamber Method

Abstract Peatlands are the most efficient carbon sinks in  large volumes. Peatland clearance makes CO2 emissions released into the air. a reference of Carbon emission had a great value compared with the results of carbon emissions measurement conducted by Indonesian researchers and academics. This study aims to Conduct a continuous estimation of CO2 emissions from peatlands over a long period of time, analyze the influence of the biophysical environment on CO2 emissions and obtain CO2 emissions based on measurements of biophysical environmental parameters using ANN model. The CO2 emissions measurements were performed by closed chamber method using Licor LI-8100 for 60 days. Biophysical environmental parameter measurements are also installed simultaneously. Biophysical environmental parameters measured include soil temperature, soil moisture and water table depth. The results showed that CO2 emissions reached 59.82 TonCO2 / ha / year with carbon emissions of 16.314 TonC / ha / year. Peatland CO2 emissions are influenced by environmental parameters of peat biophysics. Calculations using the ANN model obtained the highest correlation of R2 = 0.5545 which shows that the calculation of ANN model with measurement Emission has a high enough correlation and can be used as a reference to estimated peat CO2 peatland in Padang Island. Abstrak Lahan gambut merupakan penyimpan karbon yang paling efisien dalam jumlah besar. Pembukaan lahan gambut mengakibatkan emisi CO2 terlepas ke udara. Data emisi karbon yang menjadi rujukan memiliki nilai yang lebih besar daripada hasil pengukuran emisi karbon yang dilakukan oleh peneliti dan akademisi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Melakukan estimasi emisi CO2 dari lahan gambut secara kontinyu dalam periode waktu panjang, Menganalisis pengaruh lingkungan biofisik terhadap emisi CO2 dari lahan gambut dan Mendapatkan dugaan emisi CO2 dari lahan gambut berdasarkan hasil pengukuran parameter lingkungan biofisik dengan menggunakan model ANN. Pengukuran emisi karbon dilakukan dengan metode closed chamber menggunakan Licor LI-8100 selama 60 hari. Pengukuran parameter lingkungan biofisik juga diinstal secara bersamaan dengan pengukuran emisi CO2. Parameter lingkungan biofisik yang diukur meliputi temperatur tanah, kelembaban tanah, kedalaman water table. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa emisi CO2 lahan gambut mencapai  59.82 TonCO2/ha/tahun dengan emisi karbon adalah 16.314 TonC/ha/tahun . Emisi CO2 dipengaruhi oleh parameter lingkungan biofisik gambut yaitu suhu tanah, kelembaban tanah dan kedalaman water table. Perhitungan menggunakan model ANN diperoleh korelasi tertinggi sebesar R2 = 0.5545 yang menunjukkan bahwa hasil perhitungan model ANN dengan Emisi pengukuran memiliki korelasi yang cukup tinggi dan bisa dijadikan sebagai acuan dalam mengestimasi CO2 lahan gambut Pulau Padang.  

scholarly journals A Study of Carbon Dioxide Emission in Different Types of Peatland Use in Kalimantan

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Nyahu Rumbang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Corn Plants

Study of carbon dioxide emissions in different types of peatlands use in Central and West Kalimantan has been conducted in January-June 2006 and January-April 2007. The study represents 4 types of land use in Central Kalimantan as treatment: 5 years for chinesse cabbage, 10 years for chinesse cabbage, 5 years for sweet corns, and 10 years for sweet corns. As for the treatments in West Kalimantan, they include corn field, Aloe vera field, oil palm plantation, and rubber plantation. Carbon dioxide was measured using infrared gas analysis (model EGM-4, PP systems, Hitchin, UK). In Central Kalimantan, the highest CO2 is emitted from sweet corn plants (arable land for 10 years) by 0.79 g CO2/m2/hour, chinesse cabbage plants (for 5 years) by 0.73 g CO2/m2/hour, chinesse cabbage plants (for 10 years) by 0.67 g CO2/m2/hour and, the least, sweet corn plants (for 5 years) by 0.41 g CO2/m2/hour. The highest CO2 emission from West Kalimantan is released from rubber plants at 1.22 g CO2/m2/hour, followed by palm oil plants by 0.96 g CO2/m2/hour, Aloe vera plants by 0.68 g CO2/m2/hour and corn plants by 0.35 g CO2/m2/hour. Groundwater table depth are the most important factors among other factors that influence CO2 emissions. Groundwater table depth indicated a positive correlation with CO2 emissions in all types of peatlands use. C-organic production of sweet corn plants at 11.66 t C/ha/year is higher than that of chinesse cabbage plants at 1.64 t C/ha /year. Corn plants produce organic-C was 11.66 t C/ha/year, equivalent to the amount of loss of C through CO2 emissions by 11.29 t C/ha/year.Keywords: peat, types of land use, carbon, CO2 emission

scholarly journals The Impact of Economic Growth, FDI and Energy Intensity on China’s Manufacturing Industry’s CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on the Fixed-Effect Panel Quantile Regression Model

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Qun Ma ◽  
Jiang-Long Liu ◽  
Yi-Shuai Ren ◽  
Yong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Panel Quantile Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Since the reform and opening-up, China’s CO2 emissions have increased dramatically, and it has become the world’s largest CO2 emission and primary energy consumption country. The manufacturing industry is one of the biggest contributors to CO2 emission, and determining the drivers of CO2 emissions are essential for effective environmental policy. China is also a vast transition economy with great regional differences. Therefore, based on the data of China’s provincial panel from 2000 to 2013 and the improved STIRPAT model, this paper studies the impact of economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) and energy intensity on China’s manufacturing carbon emissions through the fixed-effect panel quantile regression model. The results show that the effects of economic growth, FDI and energy intensity on carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry are different in different levels and regions, and they have apparent heterogeneity. In particular, economic growth plays a decisive role in the CO2 emissions of the manufacturing industry. Economic growth has a positive impact on the carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry; specifically, a higher impact on high carbon emission provinces. Besides, FDI has a significant positive effect on the upper emission provinces of the manufacturing industry, which proves that there is a pollution paradise hypothesis in China’s manufacturing industry, but no halo effect hypothesis. The reduction of energy intensity does not have a positive effect on the reduction of carbon emissions. The higher impact of the energy intensity of upper emission provinces on carbon emissions from their manufacturing industry, shows that there is an energy rebound effect in China’s manufacturing industry. Finally, our study confirms that China’s manufacturing industry has considerable space for emission reduction. The results also provide policy recommendations for policymakers.

scholarly journals Investigating the Factors Influencing the Decoupling of Transport-Related Carbon Emissions from Turnover Volume in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-ting Jiang ◽  
Min Su ◽  
Rongrong Li
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Smart Growth ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Technology Innovations ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Decoupling Analysis

With the boom of vehicles, especially the dramatic rise of private car ownership, in China, transport CO2 emission in China has surged. However, China has been taking the responsibility to cut down carbon emissions and to make positive efforts towards technology innovations in the transport sector. Breaking the link between transport carbon emissions and transport turnover capacity for the past decades should be analyzed. The paper tested the decoupling degree and ranked its potential determinants for every transport mode in consideration of specific transport mode characteristics. We extended the original Kaya identity to make the factor analysis more pertinent to the analysis of transport-related CO2 emissions. Besides, we combined the decomposition technique with decoupling analysis, decomposing the transport decoupling index into five distinct aspects to detect the key drivers of the decoupling of transport-related CO2 emissions from transport turnover volume. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between transport-related CO2 emission and transport output, which also offers a novel perspective on transport and corresponding environmental research. The results uncovered that a weak decoupling state appeared between 1990–1995 and 2000–2010 in China’s transport sector. Transport energy efficiency exerted the most significant impact in accelerating the decoupling of transport-related CO2 emissions from turnover volume for all transport modes while the energy mix effect impeded the decoupling evolution in most observed periods. Railway transport turnover and rail locomotives shared rises boosted by decoupling evolution, while vehicular transport showed adverse effects. The rise of the transport facilities’ shares of railways, waterways, and airways also advanced the decoupling evolution. Hence, policies of switching travel modes and establishing a “smart growth” pattern for private vehicles should be considered.

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