scholarly journals Creation of Zero CO2 Emission Plants Due to Energy Use: A Case Study in Crete, Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
John Vourdoubas
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Tree Plantation ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic System

Creation of zero CO2 emission enterprises due to energy use in Crete, Greece has been examined with reference to an orange juice producing plant (Viochym). Energy intensity at Viochym has been estimated at 1.66 KWh per € of annual sales. Oil used for heat generation has been replaced with solid biomass produced locally in Crete and resulting in zero CO2 emissions due to the use of heat. Offsetting CO2 emissions due to grid electricity use has been proposed with two options. The first includes the installation of a solar photovoltaic system with nominal power of 417 KWp, according to net metering regulations, generating annually 625 MWh equal to annual grid electricity consumption in the plant. Its capital cost has been estimated at 0.5 mil € which corresponds to 1.07 € per kg of CO2 saved annually.The second option includes the creation of a tree plantation in an area of 107 hectare resulting in carbon sequestration equal to carbon emissions in the plant due to electricity use. Both options for offsetting CO2 emissions in Viochym have various advantages and drawbacks and they are considered realistic and feasible, resulting in the elimination of its carbon emissions due to energy use. Improvement of the energy intensity of various processes in Viochym could result in lower CO2 emissions and smaller sizing of the required renewable energy systems for eliminating them.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Electricity Consumption Patterns in the Water and Wastewater Sectors in South East England, UK

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman Majid ◽  
Iliana Cardenes ◽  
Conrad Zorn ◽  
Tom Russell ◽  
Keith Colquhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Uk

The water and wastewater sectors are energy-intensive, and so a growing number of utility companies are seeking to identify opportunities to reduce energy use. Though England’s water sector is of international interest, in particular due to the early experience with privatisation, for the time being very little published data on energy usage exists. We analyse telemetry data from Thames Water Utilities Ltd. (TWUL), which is the largest water and wastewater company in the UK and serves one of the largest mega-cities in the world, London. In our analysis, we (1) break down sectoral energy use into their components, (2) present a statistical method to analyse the long-term trends in use, as well as the seasonality and irregular effects in the data, (3) derive energy-intensity (kWh m3) figures for the system, and (4) compare the energy-intensity of the network against other regions in the world. Our results show that electricity use grew during the period 2009 to 2014 due to capacity expansions to deal with growing water demand and storm water flooding. The energy-intensity of the system is within the range of reported figures for systems in other OECD countries. Plans to improve the efficiency of the system could yield benefits in lower the energy-intensity, but the overall energy saving would be temporary as external pressures from population and climate change are driving up water and energy use.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Electricity Consumption Patterns in the Water and Wastewater Sectors in South East England, UK

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman Majid ◽  
Iliana Cardenes ◽  
Conrad Zorn ◽  
Tom Russell ◽  
Keith Colquhoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
The World ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
South East England ◽  
The Uk

The water and wastewater sectors of England and Wales (E&W) are energy-intensive. Although E&W’s water sector is of international interest, in particular due to the early experience with privatisation, for the time being, few published data on energy usage exist. We analysed telemetry energy-use data from Thames Water Utilities Ltd. (TWUL), the largest water and wastewater company in the UK, which serves one of the largest mega-cities in the world, London. In our analysis, we: (1) break down energy use into their components; (2) present a statistical approach to handling seasonal and random cycles in data; and (3) derive energy-intensity (kWh m−3) metrics and compare them with other regions in the world. We show that electricity use in the sector grew by around 10.8 ± 0.4% year−1 as the utility coped with growing demands and stormwater flooding. The energy-intensity of water services in each of the utility’s service zone was measured in the range 0.46–0.92 kWh m−3. Plans to improve the efficiency of the system could yield benefits in lower energy-intensity, but the overall energy saving would be temporary as external pressures from population and climate change are driving up water and energy use.

scholarly journals The Impact of Economic Growth, FDI and Energy Intensity on China’s Manufacturing Industry’s CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Study Based on the Fixed-Effect Panel Quantile Regression Model

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Qun Ma ◽  
Jiang-Long Liu ◽  
Yi-Shuai Ren ◽  
Yong Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Quantile Regression Model ◽  
Panel Quantile Regression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect

Since the reform and opening-up, China’s CO2 emissions have increased dramatically, and it has become the world’s largest CO2 emission and primary energy consumption country. The manufacturing industry is one of the biggest contributors to CO2 emission, and determining the drivers of CO2 emissions are essential for effective environmental policy. China is also a vast transition economy with great regional differences. Therefore, based on the data of China’s provincial panel from 2000 to 2013 and the improved STIRPAT model, this paper studies the impact of economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI) and energy intensity on China’s manufacturing carbon emissions through the fixed-effect panel quantile regression model. The results show that the effects of economic growth, FDI and energy intensity on carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry are different in different levels and regions, and they have apparent heterogeneity. In particular, economic growth plays a decisive role in the CO2 emissions of the manufacturing industry. Economic growth has a positive impact on the carbon emissions of the manufacturing industry; specifically, a higher impact on high carbon emission provinces. Besides, FDI has a significant positive effect on the upper emission provinces of the manufacturing industry, which proves that there is a pollution paradise hypothesis in China’s manufacturing industry, but no halo effect hypothesis. The reduction of energy intensity does not have a positive effect on the reduction of carbon emissions. The higher impact of the energy intensity of upper emission provinces on carbon emissions from their manufacturing industry, shows that there is an energy rebound effect in China’s manufacturing industry. Finally, our study confirms that China’s manufacturing industry has considerable space for emission reduction. The results also provide policy recommendations for policymakers.

scholarly journals The Regional Inequity of CO2 Emissions per Capita in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Liu ◽  
Wenqing Pan
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
Co2 Emission Reduction ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Per Capita

This paper combines Theil index method with factor decomposition technique to analyze China eight regions’ inequality of CO2 emissions per capita, and discuss energy structure, energy intensity, industrial structure, and per capita output’s impacts on inequality. This research shows that: (1) The trend of China regional carbon inequality is in the opposite direction to the per capita CO2 emission level. Namely, as the per capita CO2 emission levels rise, regional carbon inequality decreases, and vice versa. (2) Per capita output factor reduces regional carbon inequality, whereas energy structure factor and energy intensity factor increase the inequality. (3) More developed areas can reduce the carbon inequality by improving the energy structure, whereas the divergence of energy intensity in less developed areas has increased to expand the carbon inequity. Thus, when designing CO2 emission reduction targets, policy makers should consider regional differences in economic development level and energy efficiency, and refer to the main influencing factors. At the same time, upgrading industrial structure and upgrading energy technologies should be combined to meet the targets of economic growth and CO2 emission reduction.

scholarly journals Spatio-Temporal Analysis of CO2 Emission Driving Force in Various Provinces in China Using the Extended STIRPAT-GWR Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Energy Structure ◽  
High Effect ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Gwr Model

To fill the shortcomings of traditional research that ignores the driver’s own spatial characteristics and provide a theoretical support to formulate suitable emission reduction policies in different regions across China. In this pursuit, based on the panel data of provincial CO2 emission in 2007, 2012, and 2017, the present study employed the extended environmental impact assessment model (STIRPAT-GWR model) to study the effect of population, energy intensity, energy structure, urbanization and industrial structure on the CO2 emissions in 29 provinces across China. The empirical results show that the effect of drivers on the CO2 emissions exhibited significant variations among the different provinces. The effect of population in the southwest region was significantly lower than that of the central and eastern regions. Provinces with stronger energy intensity effects were concentrated in the central and western regions. The effect of energy structure in the eastern and northern regions was relatively strong, and gradually weakened towards the southeast region. The areas with high urbanization effect were concentrated in the central and the eastern regions. Furthermore, significant changes were observed in the high-effect regions of the industrial structure in 2017. The high-effect area showed a migration from the northwest and northeast regions in 2007 and 2012, respectively, to the southwest and southeast regions in 2017. Urbanization showed the strongest effect on the CO2 emissions, followed by population and energy intensity, and the weakest effect was exhibited by the energy and industrial structure. Thus, the effects of population and energy structure showed a downward trend, in contrary to the effect of urbanization on the CO2 emissions in China.

scholarly journals Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning for Aluminum Products

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2753
Author(s):  
Rok Gomilšek ◽  
Lidija Čuček ◽  
Marko Homšak ◽  
Raymond R. Tan ◽  
Zdravko Kravanja
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Energy Planning ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions

The production of primary aluminum is an energy-intensive industry which produces large amounts of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions, especially from electricity consumption. Carbon Emissions Constrained Energy Planning proved to be an efficient tool for reducing energy-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on energy planning constrained by CO2 emissions and determines the required amount of CO2 emissions from electricity sources in order to meet specified CO2 emission benchmark. The study is demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, aluminum slugs and aluminum evaporator panels. Three different approaches of energy planning are considered: (i) an insight-based, graphical targeting approach, (ii) an algebraic targeting approach of cascade analysis, and (iii) an optimization-based approach, using a transportation model. The results of the three approaches show that approximately 2.15 MWh of fossil energy source should be replaced with a zero-carbon or 2.22 MWh with a low-carbon energy source to satisfy the benchmark of CO2 emissions to produce 1 t of aluminum slug; however, this substitution results in higher costs. This study is the first of its kind demonstrated on and applied to specific aluminum products, and represents a step forward in the development of more sustainable practices in this field.

scholarly journals Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-477
Author(s):  
DWI ASTIANI ◽  
BURHANUDDIN BURHANUDDIN ◽  
EVI GUSMAYANTI ◽  
TRI WIDIASTUTI ◽  
MUHAMMAD J. TAHERZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Tropical Peatland ◽  
Water Tables

Astiani D, Burhanuddin, Gusmayanti E, Widiastuti T, Taherzadeh MJ. 2018. Enhancing water levels of degraded, bare, tropical peatland in West Kalimantan, Indonesia: Impacts on CO2 emission from soil respiration. Biodiversitas 19: 472-477. The major drivers of deforestation in West Kalimantan have been the development for large or small-scale expansion of agricultural activities; the establishment of oil palm and other plantations; fire; and degradation of forests particularly from industrial logging. Our previous research findings have shown that such activities in affected peatland areas have lowered the water table levels (down to 0.5-1.0 m depths), and have significantly increased CO2 emissions from the peat soils. It has been demonstrated that unmanaged, lowered water tables in peatlands act as one of the main factors inflating soil carbon emissions - an issue that has assumed global significance in recent decades. Regulating peatland water tables has the potential to mitigate degraded peatland carbon emissions as well as improve the hydrological functions for communities who farm the peatlands. However, we are still uncertain exactly how much impact controlled raising of the peatlands water tables will have on reducing soil CO2 emissions. The research described here aimed to mitigate CO2 emissions by raising and regulating water levels on drained peatland to restore and enhance its hydrological functions. The results confirmed that raising the water table significantly decreases CO2 emissions and improves water availability and management for crop production in the coastal peatland of Kubu Raya district, West Kalimantan. Water levels previously at 60cm below the soil surface were regulated to raise the watertable up to just 30 cm below the surface and this reduced peatland carbon emissions by about 49%. However, longer-term monitoring is required to ensure that the hydrological benefits and CO2 mitigation can be sustained.

Evaluating the Energy Intensity of the US Public Water System

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Twomey ◽  
Michael E. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Water System ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
The Us ◽  
Water And Wastewater ◽  
End Use ◽  
Regional Water

Previous analyses have concluded that the United State’s water sector uses over 3% of national electricity consumption for the production, conveyance, and treatment of water and wastewater and as much as 10% when considering the energy required for on-site heating, cooling, pumping, and softening of water for end-use. The energy intensity of water is influenced by factors such as source water quality, its proximity to a water treatment facility and end-use, its intended end-use and sanitation level, as well as its conveyance to and treatment at a wastewater treatment facility. Since these requirements differ by geographic location, climate, season, and local water quality standards, the energy consumption of regional water systems vary significantly. While national studies have aggregated averages for the energy use and energy intensity of various stages of the of the US water system, these estimates do not capture the wide disparity between regional water systems. For instance, 19 percent of California’s total electricity generation is used to withdraw, collect, convey, treat, distribute, and prepare water for end-use, nearly doubling the national average. Much of this electricity is used to move water over high elevations and across long distances from water-rich to water-stressed regions of the state. Potable water received by users in Southern California has typically been pumped as far as 450 miles, and lifted nearly 2000ft over the system’s highest point in the Tehachapi Mountains. Consequently, the energy intensity of San Diego County’s water is approximately 11,000 kWh per million gallons for pumping treatment and distribution, as compared to the US average which is estimated to be in the vicinity of 1,500–2,000 kWh per million gallons. With added pressures on the state’s long-haul transfer systems from population growth and growing interest in energy-intensive desalination, this margin will likely increase. This manuscript consists of a first-order analysis to quantify the energy embedded in the US public water supply, which is the primary water source to residential, commercial, and municipal users. Our analysis finds that energy use associated with the public water supply is 4.7% of the nation’s annual primary energy and 6.1% of national electricity consumption, respectively. Public water and wastewater pumping, treatment, and distribution, as well as commercial and residential water-heating were considered in this preliminary work. End-use energy requirements associated with water for municipal, industrial, and self-supplied sectors (i.e. agriculture, thermoelectric, mining, etc.) were not included in this analysis.

scholarly journals Energy Transition toward Cleaner Energy Resources in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4243
Author(s):  
Pokharel Tika Ram ◽  
Rijal Hom Bahadur
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Cooking Fuels

Energy is an important input for socioeconomic development and human well-being. The rationality of energy transitions toward cleaner energy resources is not only to improve individual living conditions, but also to enhance the economic growth of a nation. Nepal is considered to be one of the countries with a low per-capita electricity use, heavily relying on traditional energy resources such as firewood and agricultural residues. The country is rich in hydropower resources. However, various economic and socioeconomic constraints have left the significant potential for hydroelectricity untapped. This study describes the energy transition patterns in Nepal based on a literature review and field survey of household energy use in the winter. We collected data from 516 households in the Solukhumbu, Panchthar, and Jhapa districts of Nepal. The rate of per-capita electricity consumption was 330 kWh/capita/year, which is significantly lower than that of other contemporary global societies such as India 1000 and China 4900 kWh/capita/year. The increasing trend in hydroelectricity production has optimistically transformed the energy sector toward cleaner resources; this correlates with the GDP per capita. Solar home systems, mini- and micro-hydropower plants, biogas technology, and improved cook stoves have been widely used, which has lowered the health and environmental burdens in rural areas. By analysing the survey data, we found that 25% of the households only relied on traditional cooking fuel, while 67% and 8% of the households relied on mixed and commercial cooking fuels, respectively. Moreover, 77% and 48% of traditional and mixed-fuel-using households were unhappy with current cooking fuels while 40% and 66% of these households preferred to use clean cooking fuels. The share of traditional energy resources decreased from 78% to 68%, while that of commercial energy resources increased from 20% to 28% from 2014/15 to 2019/20. This study suggests that future energy policies and programs should acknowledge the reality of energy transition to achieve sustainability by establishing reliable and clean sources of energy.

The Changing of Taiwan Housing Energy Intensity and Emission Intensity

2012 ◽  
Vol 174-177 ◽  
pp. 3556-3559
Author(s):  
Kun Jung Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Electricity Use ◽  
Emissions Intensity ◽  
Energy Use Intensity ◽  
Energy Type ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Combining the informations of Taiwan energy balance sheet and National Housing Survey, the paper explores the changing of the housing energy use intensity and emissions intensity. Results of the analysis showed that electricity is the dominant energy type used in Taiwan housing from 1986 to 2005; the accumulated logarithmic growth of electricity use intensity from 1986 to 2005 was 60.1%. The accumulated logarithmic growth rate of electricity emissions intensity from 1986 to 2005 was 96.9%. The major effect of Taiwan housing emissions intensity was electricity use intensity during the study period.

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