The impact of passive smoking on the frequency of respiratory infections in preschool children

2014 ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Franjo Božić ◽  
Neven Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Impact

Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) on Pregnant Women: A Review

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saima Habeeb ◽  
Manju Chugani
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

: The novel coronavirus infection (COVID‐19) is a global public health emergency.Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China in December 2019, the infection has spread at an alarming rate across the globe and humans have been locked down to their countries, cities and homes. As of now, the virus has affected over 20million people globally and has inflicted over 7 lac deaths. Nevertheless, the recovery rate is improving with each passing day and over 14 million people have recuperated so far. The statistics indicate that nobody is immune to the disease as the virus continues to spread among all age groups; newborns to the elders, and all compartmentsincluding pregnant women. However, pregnant women may be more susceptible to this infection as they are, in general, highly vulnerable to respiratory infections. There is no evidence for vertical transmission of the COVID-19 virus among pregnant women, but an increased prevalence of preterm deliveries. Besides this, the COVID-19 may alter immune response at the maternal-fetal interface and affect the well-being of mothers as well as infants. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence available in the open literature regarding coronavirus infection during pregnancy and it now appears that certain pregnant women have infected during the present 2019-nCoV pandemic. In this short communication, we study the impact of the COVID-19 infection on vertical transmission and fetal outcome among pregnant women.

Increased oxidative stress in preschool children exposed to passive smoking

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Yıldırım ◽  
Kabil Sermetow ◽  
Ali Aycicek ◽  
Abdurrahim Kocyigit ◽  
Ozcan Erel
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Passive Smoking

scholarly journals The lung–gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Sencio ◽  
Marina Gomes Machado ◽  
François Trottein
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Viral Respiratory

AbstractBacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host’s defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota’s composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota’s composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung–gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.

The impact of preterm birth on the executive functioning of preschool children: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Carolina Cruvinel Sandoval ◽  
Cláudia Maria Gaspardo ◽  
Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Cumulative Effects of Particulate Matter Pollution and Meteorological Variables on the Risk of Influenza-Like Illness

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 556
Author(s):  
Kacper Toczylowski ◽  
Magdalena Wietlicka-Piszcz ◽  
Magdalena Grabowska ◽  
Artur Sulik
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Impact

The cold season is usually accompanied by an increased incidence of respiratory infections and increased air pollution from combustion sources. As we are facing growing numbers of COVID-19 cases caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, an understanding of the impact of air pollutants and meteorological variables on the incidence of respiratory infections is crucial. The incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) can be used as a close proxy for the circulation of influenza viruses. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 has also been detected in patients with ILI. Using distributed lag nonlinear models, we analyzed the association between ILI, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration in Bialystok, Poland, from 2013–2019. We found an exponential relationship between cumulative PM2.5 pollution and the incidence of ILI, which remained significant after adjusting for air temperatures and a long-term trend. Pollution had the greatest effect during the same week, but the risk of ILI was increased for the four following weeks. The risk of ILI was also increased by low air temperatures, low absolute humidity, and high wind speed. Altogether, our results show that all measures implemented to decrease PM2.5 concentrations would be beneficial to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections.

scholarly journals 87. Utilization of Methicillin-Sensitive/Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nares Screen to Decrease Vancomycin and Linezolid Use in Hospitalized Patients with Respiratory Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S60-S60
Author(s):  
Noor F Zaidan ◽  
Rachel S Britt ◽  
David Reynoso ◽  
R Scott Ferren
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Stewardship Program ◽  
Screening Protocol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Post Intervention Group

Abstract Background Pharmacist-driven protocols for utilization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares screenings have shown to decrease duration of empiric gram-positive therapy and rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with respiratory infections. This study evaluated the impact of a pharmacist-driven MRSA nares screening protocol on duration of vancomycin or linezolid therapy (DT) in respiratory infections. Methods Patients aged 18 years and older with a medication order of vancomycin or linezolid for respiratory indication(s) were included. The MRSA nares screening protocol went into effect in October 2019. The protocol allowed pharmacists to order an MRSA nares polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for included patients, while the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASP) made therapeutic recommendations for de-escalation of empiric gram-positive coverage based on negative MRSA nares screenings, if clinically appropriate. Data for the pre-intervention group was collected retrospectively for the months of October 2018 to March 2019. The post-intervention group data was collected prospectively for the months of October 2019 to March 2020. Results Ninety-seven patients were evaluated within both the pre-intervention group (n = 50) and post-intervention group (n = 57). Outcomes for DT (38.2 hours vs. 30.9 hours, P = 0.601) and AKI (20% vs. 14%, P = 0.4105) were not different before and after protocol implementation. A subgroup analysis revealed a significant reduction in DT within the pre- and post-MRSA PCR groups (38.2 hours vs. 24.8 hours, P = 0.0065) when pharmacist recommendations for de-escalation were accepted. Conclusion A pharmacist-driven MRSA nares screening protocol did not affect the duration of gram-positive therapy for respiratory indications. However, there was a reduction in DT when pharmacist-driven recommendations were accepted. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals 141. Implementation of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship Interventions for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Acute Respiratory Infections, a Stepped Wedge Randomized Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S81-S82
Author(s):  
Grace Mortrude ◽  
Mary Rehs ◽  
Katherine Sherman ◽  
Nathan Gundacker ◽  
Claire Dysart
Keyword(s):  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Antibiotic Prescribing ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Stepped Wedge ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Outpatient antimicrobial prescribing is an important target for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) interventions to decrease antimicrobial resistance in the United States. The objective of this study was to design, implement and evaluate the impact of AMS interventions focused on asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in the outpatient setting. Methods This randomized, stepped-wedge trial evaluated the impact of educational interventions to providers on adult patients presenting to primary care (PC) clinics for ARIs and ASB from 10/1/19 to 1/31/20. Data was collected by retrospective chart review. An antibiotic prescribing report card was provided to PC providers, then an educational session was delivered at each PC clinic. Patient education materials were distributed to PC clinics. Interventions were made in a step-wise (figure 1) fashion. The primary outcome was percentage of overall antibiotic prescriptions as a composite of prescriptions for ASB, acute bronchitis, upper-respiratory infection otherwise unspecified, uncomplicated sinusitis, and uncomplicated pharyngitis. Secondary outcomes included individual components of the primary outcome, a composite safety endpoint of related hospital, emergency department or primary care visit within 4 weeks, antibiotic appropriateness, and patient satisfaction surveys. Figure 1 Results There were 887 patients included for analysis (405 pre-intervention, 482 post-intervention). Baseline characteristics are summarized in table 1. After controlling for type 1 error using a Bonferroni correction the primary outcome was not significantly different between groups (56% vs 49%). There was a statistically significant decrease in prescriptions for bronchitis (20.99% vs 12.66%; p=0.0003). Appropriateness of prescriptions for sinusitis (OR 4.96; CI 1.79–13.75; p=0.0021) and pharyngitis (OR 5.36; CI 1.93 – 14.90; p=0.0013) was improved in the post-intervention group. The composite safety outcome and patient satisfaction survey ratings did not differ between groups. Table 1 Conclusion Multifaceted educational interventions targeting providers can improve antibiotic prescribing for indications rarely requiring antimicrobials without increasing re-visit or patient satisfaction surveys. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Does Infection Site Matter? A Systematic Review of Infection Site Mortality in Sepsis

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 473-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Motzkus ◽  
Roger Luckmann
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Infection Site ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Mortality Risk

Purpose: Sepsis treatment protocols emphasize source control with empiric antibiotics and fluid resuscitation. Previous reviews have examined the impact of infection site and specific pathogens on mortality from sepsis; however, no recent review has addressed the infection site. This review focuses on the impact of infection site on hospital mortality among patients with sepsis. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for articles from 2001 to 2014. Studies were eligible if they included (1) one or more statistical models with hospital mortality as the outcome and considered infection site for inclusion in the model and (2) adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Data abstracted included stage of sepsis, infection site, and raw and adjusted effect estimates. Nineteen studies were included. Infection sites most studied included respiratory (n = 19), abdominal (n = 19), genitourinary (n = 18), and skin and soft tissue infections (n = 11). Several studies found a statistically significant lower mortality risk for genitourinary infections on hospital mortality when compared to respiratory infections. Conclusion: Based on studies included in this review, the impact of infection site in patients with sepsis on hospital mortality could not be reliably estimated. Misclassification among infections and disease states remains a serious possibility in studies on this topic.

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