Homophobia, transphobia, and the homonationalist gaze: challenges of young Bangladeshi homosexuals and transgenders in migration

2019 ◽  
pp. 101-124
Author(s):  
Raihan M. Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Small Segment ◽  
Liberal Societies ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
State Protection

Homosexuals and transgenders in Muslim majority countries go through multiple struggles. In Bangladesh, the governments’ apparent indecision regrading a British colonial rule banning ‘intercourse against the order of nature,’ a problematic stance on fatwa, Islamic laws and, finally, the national abandonment of transgenders tend to shape societal attitudes to and reception of homosexuals and transgenders. This chapter examines some common challenges that young homosexuals and transgenders experience as they migrate from the rural to the urban areas in Bangladesh, particularly the role of religion and how they negotiate the absence of state protection on their rights. As a small segment of them manages to migrate to ‘queer friendly countries,’ this chapter also investigates the struggles of young Bangladeshi homosexuals and transgenders in liberal societies in the ‘queer friendly countries’ where their rights are perceived to be protected.

What Drives Women’s Substantive Representation in Muslim-Majority Countries? Lessons from Turkey

2020 ◽  
pp. 106591292094813
Author(s):  
Alper T. Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Substantive Representation ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship

Although a voluminous literature has studied the substantive representation of women, these studies have largely been confined to advanced democracies. Similarly, studies that focus on the relationship between Islam and women’s rights largely ignored the substantive representation of women in Muslim-majority countries. As one of the first studies of its kind, this article investigates the role of religion in the substantive representation of women by focusing on a Muslim-majority country: Turkey. Using a novel data set of 4,700 content coded private members’ bills (PMBs) drafted in the Turkish parliament between 2002 and 2015, this article synthesizes competing explanations of women’s representation in the Middle East and rigorously tests the implications of religion, ideology, critical mass, and labor force participation accounts. The results have significant implications for the study of gender and politics in Muslim-majority countries.

The Creation of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayesha Jalal
Keyword(s):  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Indian Territory ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Open Question ◽  
First Time

The All-India Muslim League first voiced the demand for a Muslim homeland based on India’s northwestern and northeastern provinces in March 1940. Seven years later at the moment of British decolonization in the subcontinent, Pakistan emerged on the map of the world, an anomaly in the international community of nations with its two wings separated by a thousand miles of Indian territory. Over a million people died in the violence that accompanied partition while another 14½ million moved both ways across frontiers demarcated along ostensibly religious lines for the first time in India’s six millennia history. Commonly attributed to the age-old religious divide between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs, the causes of Pakistan’s creation are better traced to the federal problems created in India under British colonial rule. Despite sharing a common identity based on religious affiliation, Indian Muslims were divided along regional, linguistic, class, sectarian, and ideological lines. More Muslims live in India and Bangladesh than in Pakistan today, highlighting the clear disjunction between religiously informed identities and territorial sovereignty. Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the All-India Muslim League, tried resolving the problem by claiming in 1940 that Indian Muslims were not a minority but a nation, entitled to the principle of self-determination. He envisaged a “Pakistan” based on undivided Punjab and Bengal. Since this left Muslims in the Hindu-majority provinces out of the reckoning, Jinnah left it an open question whether “Pakistan” and Hindustan would form a confederation covering the whole of India or make treaty arrangements as two separate sovereign states. In the end Jinnah was unable to achieve his larger aims and had to settle for a Pakistan based on the Muslim-majority districts of Punjab and Bengal, something he had rejected out of hand in 1944 and then again in 1946.

Introduction: Torture, Empire, and the Exception

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Deana Heath
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
High Court ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Colonial Violence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Exposed Facets

Colonial Terror begins with an examination of a historic case before the High Court of England and Wales in 2011 regarding torture in colonial Kenya that exposed facets of the brutal violence that sustained Britain’s empire, and argues that the case and its aftermath offer a number of insights into the role of extraordinary violence in the operation of colonial states, and with it to the maintenance of imperial and colonial sovereignties, in addition to the discourses and practices of denial regarding British culpability for torture and other forms of colonial violence. After elucidating the book’s key arguments regarding the centrality of the torture of Indian bodies to the law-preserving violence of British colonial rule in India the introduction then considers both the virtual absence of colonial violence from British historical memory and recent scholarship on such violence in former British colonial contexts that seeks to redress such an absence. Proposing that scholars of colonial violence need to broaden their understanding of, and approaches to, violence, as well as the impact of violence on both bodies and minds, the introduction goes on to examine the scholarly literatures on, and lacunae in, colonial policing, colonial law, the colonial state, colonial sovereignties, and the use of torture and terror to construct and maintain such sovereignties, and suggests ways in which Colonial Terror will address such omissions.

scholarly journals “Human Telephone Lines”: Flag Post Mail Relay Runners in British Southern Cameroon (1916–1955) and the Establishment of a Modern Communications Network

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (S22) ◽  
pp. 211-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Gam Nkwi ◽  
Mirjam de Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Communications Network ◽  
Southern Cameroon ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Communications System

AbstractThe flag post mail relay runners, a communications system established in Cameroon during British colonial rule, laid the foundations for the communications structure of this colonial state. They were a remnant of a pre-colonial communications system and, with the advancement of “modern” communications structures such as roads, telephone lines, and post houses, the flag post runner gradually disappeared. This article explores the role of the runners for the colonial administration in Cameroon and is based mostly on archival research. It describes the runners’ system and how it influenced the colonial communications landscape. In addition, the questions of how these runners were involved in the colonial state and what forms of resistance emerged among runners are analysed. Finally, the article discusses the degree to which the subsequent construction of roads, telegraphic communications, and postal networks reflected the role played by mail runners in the British colonial period up to the 1950s.

scholarly journals Muslim Business Women in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farihatul Qamariyah
Keyword(s):  
Women Religious ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Religious Ethics ◽  
Ethical Reason ◽  
Women's Narratives ◽  
Life Story Interview ◽  
Business Women ◽  
Role Of Religion

This study examines the intersection between religion and economic performance through investigating religious ethics and tradition among devout businesswomen. This study also focuses on the issue of spiritual business enterprise. I observed seven Muslim business women as subjects who negotiate a religious and cultural perception of their gendered role in society. During their entrepreneurial journey, Muslim business women transform their conventional company into spiritual – based operations for religious and ethical reason. I undertook nine weeks of fieldwork in urban areas of Jakarta, Purworejo and Yogyakarta. I also conduct life story interview sessions and participatory observation with the seven Muslim business women’s project of business including director, manager, employee, and so – called spiritual division. Significantly, the products that they sell reflect spiritual and moral underpinnings. Moreover, the spiritual design of company plays a role in employee screening, training, and benefit, which all incorporate aspects of Islamic practice. This research demonstrates the strong role of religion namely Islam, as evidenced in the Muslim business women’s narratives, in functioning as a support system that can greatly enhance the economic and life prosperity. Keywords: Muslim business women, religious ethics, spiritual economics, Indonesia

scholarly journals The role of religion and its influence on conflicts in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-124
Author(s):  
Boris Bursać
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Extremism ◽  
Islam And Christianity ◽  
Role Of Religion

At the very end of colonial rule, UK established Islam and Christianity in Nigeria as the two dominant religions with the middle belt region of Nigeria as the battle ground. Before their final departure, they secured and formed several ethnic and religious lines, which in the postcolonial era were used by political elites as a way to fight for state power. As such, on the basis of the abuse of political and religious elites, and on the basis of ethnic, religious and regional divisions, a deeply fragmented Nigeria as we know it today emerged. With colonial domination, sudden transitions, the power of society was destroyed to such an extent that it became incapable of regulating human passion. The situation is further heated by leading elites who manipulate religious identity, where as a result appears that the north of Nigeria, mostly Muslim, tends to Islamize the whole Nigeria, and the south, mostly Christian, strives to defend Christianity and the constitutional secularism of the state. In such a situation, religion, instead of calming passions and tensions, thanks to its leaders, opens the way to conflict, violence, extremism, and, finally, terrorism. The central understanding of the formation of the identity of religion and its transformation from conflict to violence is the rise of religious extremism throughout the country. Extremist groups show significant intolerance towards members of their own and other religions, react to social, economic and political crises of Nigerian politics, of course in religious terms, which later leads to conflicts. The integration of religion into Nigerian politics, which we can thank the colonial rulers, is one of the leading problems and it is precisely this that stands behind religious violence and political instability in the country.

scholarly journals The role of religion in alcohol consumption and demand reduction in Muslim majority countries (MMC)

Addiction ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 111 (10) ◽  
pp. 1716-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kalema ◽  
Wouter Vanderplasschen ◽  
Sofie Vindevogel ◽  
Ilse Derluyn
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Role Of Religion

scholarly journals Does Religion Suppress Gender Differences in Values? A Cross-National Examination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

Women are typically more liberal than men. But on some issues related to “traditional moral values”—including sexuality and the beginning and end of life—women are just as if not more conservative than men. This study examines the role of religion in complicating the relationship between gender and values cross-nationally, with particular attention to variation across religious groups and contexts. Using data from a diverse set of 56 countries in the World Values Survey (N=85,181), I find that religiousness suppresses what would otherwise be larger and more consistent gender differences in values among Christians. Among most other groups, including Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Taoists, and Muslims in non-Muslim contexts, religiousness does not greatly alter gender differences in values. However, among Muslims in Muslim-majority contexts—where men tend to be more religious than women—religiousness amplifies what would otherwise be smaller gender differences in values. Accordingly, gender differences in values tend to be larger among Muslims than Christians. I conclude that religions are complex and powerful social structures with heterogeneous social consequences.

History as Self-Representation: The Recasting of a Political Tradition in Late Eighteenth-Century Eastern India

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumkum Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Political Tradition ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
English East India Company

If power is mediated by knowledge, then the early decades of British colonial rule in India were indeed, as Ghulam Hussain Khan Tabatabai, the intellectual and historian par excellence of those times wrote, a time of ‘half-knowledge’.The decades between 1757 and 1772 witnessed the implantation of this colonial regime in Eastern India through the transformation of the English East India Company from a mercantilist trading corporation into the paradoxical status of ‘merchant-sovereign and the sovereign merchant’ at the same time. The role of sovereign thrust upon the officials of the company the far from easy task of administering this society in ways that were most conducive to the extraction of the largest possible surplus from it for its new masters.

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