Studying China’s Rise

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-62
Author(s):  
Shaun Breslin
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Level ◽  
China’S Rise ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
China's Rise ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The chapter suggests that different ways of studying China can not only generate different conclusions about the nature and consequences of China’s rise, but also the sort of evidence that is sought for and used to justify pre-existing presumptions. While the main focus in international relations scholarship is on the consequences of different theoretical preferences, the chapter points to the differences between domestic research agendas (asking questions about China) and more international level ones (asking questions about the impact of China|). The significance of the location and background of the researcher is also brought into the equation. In combination with the way that intentions are signalled by China’s leaders, the basic starting point of studies of China helps shape imaginations of China’s future, typically built around fundamental questions of trust (and the lack of it).

Engels on women, the family, class and gender

2021 ◽  
pp. 194277862110000
Author(s):  
Sheila Margaret McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Women's Oppression ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

This article looks at Engels’s writings to show that his ideas about the role of labour in the evolution of human beings in a dialectical relationship between human beings and nature is a crucial starting point for understanding human society and is correct in its essentials. It is important for understanding that we developed as a species on the basis of social cooperation. The way human beings produce and reproduce themselves, the method of historical materialism, provides the basis for understanding how class and women’s oppression arose and how that can explain LGBTQ oppression. Although Engels’s analysis was once widely accepted by the socialist movement, it has mainly been ignored or opposed by academic researchers and others, including geographers, and more recently by Marxist feminists. However, anthropological research from the 1960s and 1970s as well as more recent anthropological and archaeological research provide overwhelming evidence for the validity of Engels’s argument that there were egalitarian, pre-class societies without women’s oppression. However, much remains to be explained about the transition to class societies. Engels’s analysis of the impact of industrial capitalism on gender roles shows how society shapes our behaviour. Engels’s method needs to be constantly reasserted against those who would argue that we are a competitive, aggressive species who require rules to suppress our true nature, and that social development is driven by ideas, not by changes in the way we produce and reproduce ourselves.

Theorizing the role of executive heads in international organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Hall ◽  
Ngaire Woods
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Senior Management ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Political Resource ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Global Agency ◽  
The Impact

International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

Securitizing Culture in Chinese Foreign Policy Debates

Asian Survey ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Chinese Foreign Policy ◽  
China’S Rise ◽  
Cultural Autonomy ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
American Hegemony ◽  
China's Rise ◽  
Policy Elites

The tendency for Chinese foreign policy elites to securitize culture in international relations by portraying it as a zone of intense contestation with other states suggests that China’s rise will be rocky. Some seek to defend China’s cultural autonomy from American hegemony, others, to establish Chinese domination over weaker states.

Nonrealist Variables: Identity and Norms in the Study of International Relations

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Enterline
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
National Level ◽  
System Level ◽  
Interstate Relations ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Military Cultures ◽  
The Impact

Nonrealist variables (NRV) in the study of International Relations (IR) encompass the nonmaterial causal and consequential phenomena linked to interstate relations, central to which are studies of identity and norms. The two primary dimensions of the research agenda on identity are social interaction and culture. The study of social interaction considers the origins and dynamism of agency, the interests that flow from identity, and the manner in which identity influences issues such as security, allegiance, and empathy. On the other hand, research examining identity through the lens of culture reflects two distinct subinquiries: civilizational conflict, which is concerned with the impact of national culture on interstate conflict; and strategic culture, which studies how domestic and military cultures influence security policy. Meanwhile, the role of norms as they pertain to the study of IR is subdivided into two general research agendas associated with two levels of analysis in the IR subfield: the international system level and the national level norms. The analysis of norms in the scientific study of international processes (SSIP) is stronger than identity. This is due to the long-term presence of norms in the study of IR in research agendas examining alliances, reciprocity, arms races, and deterrence. Ultimately, the agent-based modeling approach may provide a methodology for scholars in SSIP through which to study the emergence and impact of identity and norms on systems and subsystems in IR.

China Risen?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Breslin
Keyword(s):  
Direct Result ◽  
Governance Reform ◽  
Reform Agenda ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
China’S Rise ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Chinese Overseas ◽  
China's Rise ◽  
International Interactions ◽  
The Way

This book is framed around two very simple and interrelated questions; what is global power and in what ways does China have it? By focussing on political economy and ideational dimensions of global power, it shows how Xi Jinping, whilst building on what came before, has developed a set of strategic strands designed to bring about (global) change. This does not mean that all Chinese international interactions are a direct result of a clearly coordinated and controlled state project; grand strategy and state interest and intent can be (and indeed, often is) assumed when in reality Chinese overseas actors are utilising their ‘bounded autonomy’ to attain other objectives. The changing nature of China’s global economic role – not least the growth of outward investment – might have been enough it itself to shine a new light on the nature of China’s rise. So too might the way that China’s leaders have articulated their global governance reform agenda and used an ‘occidentalism’ to establish China’s leadership credentials. Or the nature of attempts to influence (or even control) the way that China’s rise is discussed and debated across the world. It’s perhaps not surprising, then, that while a risen China might have gained followership from some, concern about the consequences of China’s rise has increased quite significantly in places where it was previously viewed with less apprehension.

The Impact of Victimology on Criminal Justice Policy

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Erez
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Criminal Justice Policy ◽  
International Level ◽  
Constitutional Amendments ◽  
Victims Of Crime ◽  
Unanticipated Consequences ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The emergence of victimology and the renewed interest in victims of crime led to many changes in the way the criminal justice system responds to victims. This article assesses the impact of victimology on criminal justice policy and examines some of the anticipated and unanticipated consequences of activities on behalf of victims. It addresses the various victims' needs, evaluates efforts by criminal justice agencies to meet them, and identifies barriers to implementing the programs. Proposals for constitutional amendments and activities on behalf of victims on the international level are also discussed. The article concludes with some of the problems emerging from activities on behalf of victims, and implications for criminal justice policy.

scholarly journals Flexibilidad y sindicalismo

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cirila Quintero Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Labor Flexibility ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Manufacture Industry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

Resumen:Este artículo analiza la relación entre sindicalismo y flexibilidad laboral. Particularmente, muestra algunas de las modificaciones que se han presentado en las instancias sindicales mexicanas a raíz de la introducción de esquemas flexibles en la industria manufacturera. El trabajo intenta ser un ejercicio metodológico sobre la forma en que distintos textos han abordado el impacto de la flexibilidad en los sindicatos y a partir de éstos extracta algunos de los aspectos que serían más relevantes para entender la vinculación entre flexibilidad y sindicalismo. El estudio se basa en algunos de los trabajos más clásicos sobre flexibilidad, relaciones laborales y sindicales en México.Palabras clave: Flexibilidad del trabajo, Sindicalismo, Industria manufacturera, Norte de México, Industria maquiladora.Abstract:The relationship between unionism and labor flexibility is analyzed in this article. In particular, some of the modifications made in Mexican unions, as a result of the introduction of flexible schemes in the manufacturing industry, are shown. This work attempts to be a methodological exercise in the way the impact of flexibility on unions has been approached in different texts, and, taking these texts as a starting point, to summarize the most important aspects in order to understand the connection between flexibility and unionism. This essay is based on some of the most notable works on flexibility and labor and union relations in Mexico.Key words: Labor flexibility, Unionism, Manufacture industry, Northern Mexico, Export-oriented industry.

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