Nanometer-scale dynamics of charges generated by radiations in condensed matter

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinori Saeki ◽  
Seiichi Tagawa
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Radical Cations ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Organic Liquids ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Conjugated Materials ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Anisotropy Measurement ◽  
Chemically Amplified Resists

The dynamics of short-lived charges generated by pulsed radiations such as electron beam (EB) and photon was investigated to elucidate their reactivity, electronic properties, and spatial behavior on a nanometer scale. Chemical reactions of radical cations (hole) and anions (electron) in condensed matter (organic liquids, polymers, and conjugated materials) occupy an important place in postoptical nanolithography and organic electric devices. The spatiotemporal evolution of charges during geminate ion recombination was measured by a highly improved picosecond (ps) pulse radiolysis and incorporated into a Monte Carlo simulation to clarify the key role of the charges in the formation of latent image roughness of chemically amplified resists (CARs). The dynamics and alternating-current (AC) mobility of transient charge carriers in conjugated materials such as polymer and organic crystals were studied by the combination of microwave conductivity and optical spectroscopies, revealing the potential plausibility for high-performance electric devices. Anisotropy measurement and methodology to resolve the sum of mobility into hole and electron components without electrodes have also been demonstrated.

High Performance Phase Retrieval Code for 3D Nanometer Scale Strain Mapping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
McKayla Townsend ◽  
Barbara Frosik ◽  
Hyrum Taylor ◽  
Landon Schnebly ◽  
Richard L. Sandberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Phase Retrieval ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Strain Mapping

scholarly journals Variation in Nigella sativa quality and its standardization via instrumental analysis: A study based on geographical origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizwan AHMAD ◽  
Niyaz AHMAD ◽  
Mohd AMIR ◽  
Fatima AlJHISI ◽  
Marwah H. ALAMER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Instrumental Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Important Place

Black seeds (Nigella sativa) owe an important place due to its more demand as a food as well as medicine. A lack of information does exist regarding the quality and safety for market-available food-grade samples of black seed (BS). The aim of this study is to investigate the quality and standardize the BS samples according to world health organization (WHO) guidelines of instrumental analysis and pharmacological activities. Instrumental analysis was performed with the help of ASE (accelerated solvent extraction), IR (infrared spectroscopy), UHPLC (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography) and NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) whereas ash values and chemical tests were applied for physicochemical analysis. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and cytotoxicity assay were performed as well. A high extract yield (g) with recovery of 4.4 ± 7.7 (22%) for Pakistani, 3.3 ± 4.7 (16.5%) for Indian and 3.02 ± 10.2 (15.1%) for Saudi Arabian sample. Chemical tests showed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Saudi Arabian samples showed less amount for ash values (total-, water soluble- and acid insoluble ash). The samples were standardized further with the help of NMR and IR. A significant amount of micro- and macronutrients was observed in Saudi Arabian sample. With regard to the major active substance Thymoquinone (THQ; ng/mL), the order of concentration was observed as; Saudi Arabian sample (33141.1) > Pakistani (7677.2) > Indian sample (3998.6). A more potency for Saudi Arabian sample was observed during antioxidant and cytotoxicity assays. The method was successful to effectively discriminate the samples from different geographical origin, in terms of quality.

Gelation-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Deposition of High Performance Nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1383-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhu ◽  
Douglas Watts ◽  
Nicholas A. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Lbl Assembly ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Fine Control ◽  
Nanofiber Alignment ◽  
Functional Components

Abstract Layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly produces nanocomposites with distinctively high volume fractions of nanomaterials and nanometer scale controlled uniformity. Although deposition of one nanometer scale layer at a time leads to high performance composites, this deposition mode is also associated with the slow multilayer build-up. Exponential LBL, spin coating, turbo-LBL and other methods tremendously accelerate the multilayer build-up but often yield lower, strength, toughness, conductivity, etc. Here, we introduce gelation assisted layer-by-layer (gaLBL) deposition taking advantage of a repeating cycle of hydrogel formation and subsequent polymer infiltration demonstrated using aramid nanofiber (ANF) and epoxy resin (EPX) as deposition partners. Utilization of ANF gels increases the thickness of each deposited layer from 1–10 nm to 30–300 nm while retaining fine control of thickness in each layer, high volume fraction, and uniformity. While increasing the speed of the deposition, the high density of interfaces associated with nanofiber gels helps retain high mechanical properties. The ANF/EPX multilayer composites revealed a rare combination of properties that was unavailable in traditional aramid-based and other composites, namely, high ultimate strength of 505±47 MPa, high toughness of 50.1±9.8 MJ/m3, and high transparency. Interestingly, the composite also displayed close-to-zero thermal expansion. The constellation of these materials properties is unique both for quasi-anisotropic composites and unidirectional materials with nanofiber alignment. gaLBL demonstrates the capability to resolve the fundamental challenge between high-performance and scalability. The gelation-assisted layered deposition can be extended to other functional components including nanoparticle gels.

The attitude of state authorities to the development of physical culture in the Second Polish Republic

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Tomasz Sumara
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
High Performance ◽  
The State ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Physical Recreation

Physical culture in the Second Polish Republic has taken an important place in the politics of the state. It included physical education, physical recreation along with active forms of tourism, mass sports, high-performance sport and military adoption related programmatically with physical education. The state played a significant role in popularizing sport. They developed, among others infrastructure, building mountain hostels, ski jumps, indoor swimming pools, local playgrounds and modern large stadiums. A great contribution to the development of physical culture in pre-war Poland was made by institutions, unions and sports associations. The purpose of the article is to outline the attitude of state authorities to physical culture during the interwar period. The text has a problem layout, I present the state's policy in financial, organizational and legal terms.

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