scholarly journals Paradoxical relationship between speed and accuracy in olfactory figure-background segregation

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009674
Author(s):  
Lior Lebovich ◽  
Michael Yunerman ◽  
Viviana Scaiewicz ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein ◽  
Dan Rokni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Rapid Responses ◽  
Inter Trial Interval ◽  
Alternative Choice ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

In natural settings, many stimuli impinge on our sensory organs simultaneously. Parsing these sensory stimuli into perceptual objects is a fundamental task faced by all sensory systems. Similar to other sensory modalities, increased odor backgrounds decrease the detectability of target odors by the olfactory system. The mechanisms by which background odors interfere with the detection and identification of target odors are unknown. Here we utilized the framework of the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to consider possible interference mechanisms in an odor detection task. We first considered pure effects of background odors on either signal or noise in the decision-making dynamics and showed that these produce different predictions about decision accuracy and speed. To test these predictions, we trained mice to detect target odors that are embedded in random background mixtures in a two-alternative choice task. In this task, the inter-trial interval was independent of behavioral reaction times to avoid motivating rapid responses. We found that increased backgrounds reduce mouse performance but paradoxically also decrease reaction times, suggesting that noise in the decision making process is increased by backgrounds. We further assessed the contributions of background effects on both noise and signal by fitting the DDM to the behavioral data. The models showed that background odors affect both the signal and the noise, but that the paradoxical relationship between trial difficulty and reaction time is caused by the added noise.

scholarly journals Paradoxical relationship between speed and accuracy in olfactory figure-background segregation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lior Lebovich ◽  
Michael Yunerman ◽  
Viviana Scaiewicz ◽  
Yonatan Loewenstein ◽  
Dan Rokni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Alternative Choice ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

AbstractIn natural settings, many stimuli impinge on our sensory organs simultaneously. Parsing these sensory stimuli into perceptual objects is a fundamental task faced by all sensory systems. Similar to other sensory modalities, increased odor backgrounds decrease the detectability of target odors by the olfactory system. The mechanisms by which background odors interfere with the detection and identification of target odors are unknown. Here we utilized the framework of the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to consider possible interference mechanisms in an odor detection task. We consider effects of background odors on both signal and noise in the decision-making dynamics, and show that these produce different predictions about decision accuracy and speed. To test these predictions, we trained mice to detect target odors that are embedded in random background mixtures in a two-alternative choice task. We found that the behavioral data is most consistent with background odors acting by adding noise to the decision-making dynamics. The added noise decreases the correct rate, but also decreases decision times, thereby creating a paradoxical relationship between speed and accuracy of target detection, where mice make faster and less accurate decisions in the presence of background odors.

Speed and accuracy in value-based decision making: An eye-tracking study

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milica Milosavljevic ◽  
Alexander Huth ◽  
Antonio Rangel ◽  
Christof Koch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Legibility Study of Selected Scale Characteristics for Moving-Tape Instruments

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Scale Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Vertical Scales ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

A legibility study was performed to investigate the effects of scale factors, graduation marks, orientation of scales, and reading conditions on the speed and accuracy of reading moving-tape instruments. Each of 150 Air Force Officers made 150 self-paced readings from slides of hand drawn tape instruments. Error was expressed as the magnitude of deviation of a subjects' verbal response from the set scale value. An analysis of variance was performed on the mean error scores, standard deviations of error, mean reaction times, and standard deviations of reaction times. The results clearly favored the 1 7/8 inch scale factor over the 1 3/8 inch and the 2 3/8 scale factor. The use of 9 graduation marks was superior to either 0, 1, 3, or 4 graduation marks. Reading conditions had little effect on performance. Horizontal scales were read more rapidly but no more accurately than vertical scales.

The Effects of Amount of Information Provided and Feedback of Results on Decision Making Efficiency

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Hammer ◽  
Seymour Ringel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sequential Decision Making ◽  
Sequential Decision ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Taking Action

Sixty subjects worked a series of sequential decision making tasks in which the amount of information provided and feedback of results were the independent variables. Data were collected on decision accuracy, confidence in decision accuracy, and judged sufficiency of the information provided. Accuracy, confidence in accuracy, and ratings of sufficiency increased as amount of information provided was increased. Feedback produced increases in decision accuracy only. For forty percent of all correct responses, subjects judged the information provided to be insufficient as a basis for taking action. These data strongly suggest that lack of confidence in their ability to make accurate decisions may cause some decision makers to delay taking action even when they are able to make an accurate decision on the basis of the information available.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Lexical Decision-Making

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina R. Hale ◽  
Mark V. Gentry ◽  
Charles J. Meliska
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Smoking Abstinence ◽  
Response Accuracy ◽  
Lexical Decisions ◽  
Nicotine Delivery

10 habitual smokers, aged 19–25 yr., were randomly assigned to smoke either a very low nicotine “Placebo” cigarette (.05-mg nicotine delivery as estimated by the FTC method) or a Nicotine cigarette (.7-mg estimated nicotine delivery). Each participant was asked to abstain from smoking for 4 to 7 hr. prior to testing. After completing a presmoking test of lexical decision-making, participants smoked either a Nicotine or Placebo cigarette and were then retested for reaction times and accuracy on the lexical decision test. When presented the most difficult lexical decisions, participants responded significantly faster after smoking a Nicotine cigarette than they did before smoking; smoking a Placebo cigarette did not affect reaction times. Response accuracy was unaffected by smoking either kind of cigarette. These results suggest that smoking a nicotine cigarette may improve attention or memory retrieval after several hours of smoking abstinence.

scholarly journals Iterative Local Voting for Collective Decision-making in Continuous Spaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 315-355
Author(s):  
Nikhil Garg ◽  
Vijay Kamble ◽  
Ashish Goel ◽  
David Marn ◽  
Kamesh Munagala
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
A Algorithm ◽  
Candidate Solution ◽  
Societal Welfare ◽  
Current Value ◽  
Natural Settings

Many societal decision problems lie in high-dimensional continuous spaces not amenable to the voting techniques common for their discrete or single-dimensional counterparts. These problems are typically discretized before running an election or decided upon through negotiation by representatives. We propose a algorithm called Iterative Local Voting for collective decision-making in this setting. In this algorithm, voters are sequentially sampled and asked to modify a candidate solution within some local neighborhood of its current value, as defined by a ball in some chosen norm, with the size of the ball shrinking at a specified rate. We first prove the convergence of this algorithm under appropriate choices of neighborhoods to Pareto optimal solutions with desirable fairness properties in certain natural settings: when the voters' utilities can be expressed in terms of some form of distance from their ideal solution, and when these utilities are additively decomposable across dimensions. In many of these cases, we obtain convergence to the societal welfare maximizing solution.We then describe an experiment in which we test our algorithm for the decision of the U.S. Federal Budget on Mechanical Turk with over 2,000 workers, employing neighborhoods defined by various L-Norm balls. We make several observations that inform future implementations of such a procedure.

scholarly journals Modelling of the Optimal Risks Combinatio for Non-Repeated Decision-Making in Enterpreneurship

Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 271-281
Author(s):  
V. A. Kovalev ◽  
A. I. Pestunov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Optimal Variant ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Alternative Choice

We analyze a problem of formalization a non-repeated decision-making in entrepreneurship when there are exist alternatives with negative outcomes, or losses, one among which does not have dangerous consequences. We consider a problem of modelling the subset of alternatives as variants of risks combinations, in particular, the choice of an optimal variant of the alternative. The proposed model may be exploited for formal justification of the alternative choice during the early stages of non-repeated.

scholarly journals Explicit and implicit markers of fairness preeminence in criminal judges

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hernando Santamaría-García ◽  
Jorge Martínez Cotrina ◽  
Nicolas Florez Torres ◽  
Carlos Buitrago ◽  
Diego Mauricio Aponte-Canencio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
New Research ◽  
Social Decision Making ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAchieving justice could be considered a complex social decision-making scenario. Despite the relevance of social decisions for legal contexts, these processes have still not been explored for individuals who work as criminal judges dispensing justice. To bridge the gap, we used a complex social decision-making task (Ultimatum game) and tracked a heart rate variability measurement: the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals (RMSSD) at their baseline (as an implicit measurement that tracks emotion regulation behavior) for criminal judges (n = 24) and a control group (n = 27). Our results revealed that, compared to controls, judges were slower and rejected a bigger proportion of unfair offers. Moreover, the rate of rejections and the reaction times were predicted by higher RMSSD scores for the judges. This study provides evidence about the impact of legal background and expertise in complex social decision-making. Our results contribute to understanding how expertise can shape criminal judges’ social behaviors and pave the way for promising new research into the cognitive and physiological factors associated with social decision-making.

scholarly journals Fixation patterns in simple choice reflect optimal information sampling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Callaway ◽  
Antonio Rangel ◽  
Tom Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Maker ◽  
Sequential Sampling ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Information Sampling ◽  
Optimal Information

When faced with a decision between several options, people rarely fully consider every alternative. Instead, we direct our attention to the most promising candidates, focusing our limited cognitive resources on evaluating the options that we are most likely to choose. A growing body of empirical work has shown that attention plays an important role in human decision making, but it is still unclear how people choose with option to attend to at each moment in the decision making process. In this paper, we present an analysis of how a rational decision maker should allocate her attention. We cast attention allocation in decision making as a sequential sampling problem, in which the decision maker iteratively selects from which distribution to sample in order to update her beliefs about the values of the available alternatives. By approximating the optimal solution to this problem, we derive a model in which both the selection and integration of evidence are rational. This model predicts choices and reaction times, as well as sequences of visual fixations. Applying the model to a ternary-choice dataset, we find that its predictions align well with human data.

Assessing the Effects of Partisan Bias at the Group Level of Analysis: A Hidden Profile Experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Manata ◽  
Franklin J. Boster ◽  
Gwen M. Wittenbaum ◽  
Daniel E. Bergan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Political Arena ◽  
Partisan Bias ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Decision Making Problem ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Hidden Profile ◽  
Level Of Analysis

Although there is some evidence in the political arena that pooling information can overcome individual biases to improve decision-making accuracy, research from the group communication and psychology arenas suggests otherwise. Specifically, research on the hidden profile, a group-level decision-making problem, suggests that groups are decidedly biased when making decisions. This laboratory experiment tested whether or not partisan biases manifest at the group level of analysis. In the main, it was found that groups composed of either all Republican or all Democratic group members were likely to make a decision that was consonant with their party’s political ideology, which ultimately impacted hidden profile solution rates (i.e., decision accuracy). Moreover, supplemental analyses suggest that Republican and Democratic groups reached their biased decisions through different means. A discussion is provided in which the implications of these results are considered.

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