Body muscle gain and markers of cardiovascular disease susceptibility in young adulthood: A cohort study

Background The potential benefits of gaining body muscle for cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility, and how these compare with the potential harms of gaining body fat, are unknown. We compared associations of early life changes in body lean mass and handgrip strength versus body fat mass with atherogenic traits measured in young adulthood. Methods and findings Data were from 3,227 offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (39% male; recruited in 1991–1992). Limb lean and total fat mass indices (kg/m2) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans performed at age 10, 13, 18, and 25 y (across clinics occurring from 2001–2003 to 2015–2017). Handgrip strength was measured at 12 and 25 y, expressed as maximum grip (kg or lb/in2) and relative grip (maximum grip/weight in kilograms). Linear regression models were used to examine associations of change in standardised measures of these exposures across different stages of body development with 228 cardiometabolic traits measured at age 25 y including blood pressure, fasting insulin, and metabolomics-derived apolipoprotein B lipids. SD-unit gain in limb lean mass index from 10 to 25 y was positively associated with atherogenic traits including very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides. This pattern was limited to lean gain in legs, whereas lean gain in arms was inversely associated with traits including VLDL triglycerides, insulin, and glycoprotein acetyls, and was also positively associated with creatinine (a muscle product and positive control). Furthermore, this pattern for arm lean mass index was specific to SD-unit gains occurring between 13 and 18 y, e.g., −0.13 SD (95% CI −0.22, −0.04) for VLDL triglycerides. Changes in maximum and relative grip from 12 to 25 y were both positively associated with creatinine, but only change in relative grip was also inversely associated with atherogenic traits, e.g., −0.12 SD (95% CI −0.18, −0.06) for VLDL triglycerides per SD-unit gain. Change in fat mass index from 10 to 25 y was more strongly associated with atherogenic traits including VLDL triglycerides, at 0.45 SD (95% CI 0.39, 0.52); these estimates were directionally consistent across sub-periods, with larger effect sizes with more recent gains. Associations of lean, grip, and fat measures with traits were more pronounced among males. Study limitations include potential residual confounding of observational estimates, including by ectopic fat within muscle, and the absence of grip measures in adolescence for estimates of grip change over sub-periods. Conclusions In this study, we found that muscle strengthening, as indicated by grip strength gain, was weakly associated with lower atherogenic trait levels in young adulthood, at a smaller magnitude than unfavourable associations of fat mass gain. Associations of muscle mass gain with such traits appear to be smaller and limited to gains occurring in adolescence. These results suggest that body muscle is less robustly associated with markers of CVD susceptibility than body fat and may therefore be a lower-priority intervention target.

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Body muscle gain and markers of cardiovascular disease susceptibility in young adulthood: prospective cohort study

10.1101/2020.07.09.20149872 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Joshua A Bell ◽

Kaitlin H Wade ◽

Linda M O'Keeffe ◽

David Carslake ◽

Emma E Vincent ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Young Adulthood ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Disease Susceptibility ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Fat Mass Index ◽

Body Muscle

Background: The potential benefits of gaining body muscle mass and strength for atherogenic trait levels in young adulthood, and how these compare with the potential harms of gaining body fat, are unknown. Methods: Data were from first-generation offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Limb lean and total fat mass indices (kg/m2) were derived from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at mean ages 10y, 13y, 18y, and 25y. Maximum handgrip strength was measured using a dynamometer at 12y and 25y, expressed as absolute grip (kg) and relative grip (grip / fat mass index). Linear regression models were used to examine associations of change in standardised measures of these from 10y or 12y to 25y with 228 cardiometabolic traits measured at 25y including metabolomics-derived apolipoprotein-B lipids, glycemic traits, and blood pressure. Changes in lean and fat mass indices across sub-periods of childhood (10y to 13y), adolescence (13y to 18y), and young adulthood (18y to 25y) were also examined with traits at 25y. Results: 3,262 participants (39% male) contributed to analyses. Correlations were positive between changes in lean and fat mass indices, but negative between changes in relative grip and fat mass index. SD-unit gain in limb lean mass index from 10y to 25y was positively associated with atherogenic traits including triglycerides in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). This pattern was limited to lean gain in legs, whereas lean gain in arms was inversely associated with VLDL triglycerides, insulin, glycoprotein acetyls, and others; and was also positively associated with creatinine (a muscle product and positive control). This pattern for arm lean mass index was further specific to gains occurring between 13y and 18y, e.g. -0.13 SD (95% CI = -0.22, -0.04) for VLDL triglycerides. Changes in absolute and relative grip from 12y to 25y were both positively associated with creatinine, but only change in relative grip was also inversely associated with atherogenic traits, e.g. -0.31 SD (95% CI = -0.36, -0.25) for VLDL triglycerides. Change in fat mass index from 10y to 25y was more strongly associated with atherogenic traits including VLDL triglycerides at 0.45 SD (95% CI = 0.39, 0.52); these estimates were directionally consistent across sub-periods with a tendency for larger effect sizes with more recent gains. Associations of lean, grip, and fat indices with traits were more pronounced among males than females. Conclusions: Muscle strengthening is associated with lower atherogenic trait levels in young adulthood, but at a smaller magnitude than unfavourable associations of fat gain. Associations of muscle gain with such traits appear to be smaller and limited to gains occurring in adolescence. These results suggest that body muscle is less robustly associated with markers of cardiovascular disease susceptibility than body fat and may therefore be a lower priority intervention target.

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Associations of types of dairy consumption with adiposity: cross-sectional findings from over 12 000 adults in the Fenland Study, UK

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519001776 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 122 (8) ◽

pp. 928-935

Author(s):

Eirini Trichia ◽

Fumiaki Imamura ◽

Søren Brage ◽

Emanuella De Lucia Rolfe ◽

Simon J. Griffin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mass Distribution ◽

Body Fat ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Low Fat ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Dairy Consumption

AbstractEvidence from randomised controlled trials supports beneficial effects of total dairy products on body weight, fat and lean mass, but evidence on associations of dairy types with distributions of body fat and lean mass is limited. We aimed to investigate associations of total and different types of dairy products with markers of adiposity, and body fat and lean mass distribution. We evaluated cross-sectional data from 12 065 adults aged 30–65 years recruited to the Fenland Study between 2005 and 2015 in Cambridgeshire, UK. Diet was assessed with an FFQ. We estimated regression coefficients (or percentage differences) and their 95 % CI using multiple linear regression models. The medians of milk, yogurt and cheese consumption were 293 (interquartile range (IQR) 146–439), 35·3 (IQR 8·8–71·8) and 14·6 (IQR 4·8–26·9) g/d, respectively. Low-fat dairy consumption was inversely associated with visceral:subcutaneous fat ratio estimated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (–2·58 % (95 % CI –3·91, –1·23 %) per serving/d). Habitual consumption per serving/d (200 g) of milk was associated with 0·33 (95 % CI 0·19, 0·46) kg higher lean mass. Other associations were not significant after false discovery correction. Our findings suggest that the influence of milk consumption on lean mass and of low-fat dairy consumption on fat mass distribution may be potential pathways for the link between dairy consumption and metabolic risk. Our cross-sectional findings warrant further research in prospective and experimental studies in diverse populations.

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Response of Gait Output and Handgrip Strength to Changes in Body Fat Mass in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

Current Therapeutic Research ◽

10.1016/j.curtheres.2017.03.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

pp. 92-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sam Ibeneme ◽

Chinenye Ezeigwe ◽

Georgian C. Ibeneme ◽

Amarachi Ezuma ◽

Ifeoma Okoye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Body Fat Mass

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Serum FSH Is Associated with BMD, Bone Marrow Adiposity and Body Composition in the AGES-Reykjavik Study of Older Adults

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgaa922 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Annegreet G Veldhuis-Vlug ◽

Gina N Woods ◽

Sigurdur Sigurdsson ◽

Susan K Ewing ◽

Phuong T Le ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Bone Marrow ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Mineral Density ◽

1H Mrs ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Marrow Adiposity

Abstract Context Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations increase during the perimenopausal transition and remain high post menopause. Loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and gain of bone marrow adiposity (BMA) and body fat mass also occur during this time. In mice, blocking the action of FSH increases bone mass and decreases fat mass. Objective To investigate the associations between endogenous FSH levels and BMD, BMA and body composition in older adults, independent of estradiol and testosterone levels. Design, setting and participants Older adults from the AGES-Reykjavik Study, an observational cohort study. Main outcome measures Areal BMD, total body fat, and lean mass were measured with DXA. Lumbar vertebral BMA was measured by 1H-MRS. Volumetric BMD and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT, SAT) areas were measured with QCT. The least squares means procedure was used to determine sex-hormone adjusted associations between quartiles of serum FSH and BMD, BMA, and body composition. Results In women (N=238, mean age 81y), those in the highest FSH quartile, compared with the lowest quartile, had lower adjusted mean spine integral BMD (-8.6%), lower spine compressive strength index (-34.8%), higher BMA (+8.4%), lower weight (-8.4%), lower VAT (-17.6%), lower lean mass (-6.1%), and lower fat mass (-11.9%) (all P < 0.05). In men, FSH level was not associated with any outcome. Conclusions Older postmenopausal women with higher FSH levels have higher BMA, but lower BMD and lower fat and lean mass, independent of estradiol and testosterone levels. Longitudinal studies are needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms.

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Metabolic adaptations in the adipose tissue that underlie the body fat mass gain in middle-aged rats

AGE ◽

10.1007/s11357-015-9826-5 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rogério Antonio Laurato Sertié ◽

Rennan de Oliveira Caminhotto ◽

Sandra Andreotti ◽

Amanda Baron Campaña ◽

André Ricardo Gomes de Proença ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Mass Gain ◽

The Body ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Aged Rats ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Metabolic Adaptations

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Leptin Responses to Overfeeding: Relationship with Body Fat and Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis1

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.84.8.5910 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 84 (8) ◽

pp. 2751-2754

Author(s):

James A. Levine ◽

Norman L. Eberhardt ◽

Michael D. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Energy Expenditure ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Mass Gain ◽

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽

Before And After ◽

Low Levels ◽

Plasma Leptin ◽

Leptin Expression ◽

The Relationship

Administration of leptin to rodents results in weight loss through decreased food intake and increased energy expenditure that occurs in part through increased spontaneous activity. In humans, low levels of spontaneous physical activity and below normal plasma leptin concentrations predict subsequent excess weight gain. We recently found that failure to increase nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) with overfeeding results in greater fat gain in humans, and subsequently evaluated whether changes in leptin are related to NEAT activation. We measured plasma leptin concentrations and adipose tissue leptin messenger ribonucleic acid together with the components of energy expenditure in 16 nonobese humans before and after overfeeding to assess the relationship between leptin responses to overfeeding and the changes in NEAT. Adipocyte leptin expression was up-regulated with overfeeding, and leptin concentrations increased. Leptin concentrations correlated with body fat before and after overfeeding. Changes in leptin with overfeeding were strongly related to changes in body fat, but not to changes in NEAT. Changes in NEAT correlated inversely with fat gain. It is, therefore, unlikely that leptin mediates activation of NEAT with overfeeding in nonobese humans; rather, leptin directly reflects body fat mass and fat mass gain.

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Reductions in whole-body fat mass but not increases in lean mass predict changes in cardiometabolic health indices with exercise training among weight-stable adults

Nutrition Research ◽

10.1016/j.nutres.2018.11.004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 63-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Akua F. Amankwaah ◽

Joshua L. Hudson ◽

Jung Eun Kim ◽

Wayne W. Campbell

Keyword(s):

Exercise Training ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Lean Mass ◽

Whole Body ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Body Fat Mass ◽

Health Indices

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A Calorie-Restricted DASH Diet Reduces Body Fat and Maintains Muscle Strength in Obese Older Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010102 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 102

Author(s):

Cydne A. Perry ◽

Gary P. Van Guilder ◽

Alyssa Kauffman ◽

Mosharraf Hossain

Keyword(s):

Muscle Strength ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Handgrip Strength ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Body Weight ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Dash Diet ◽

Total Body

This study examined the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet containing lean red meat on measures of body composition and muscle strength in a cohort of obese adults 65 and older; 36 males (n = 15) and females (n = 21) consumed 1800 kcal/day for 12 weeks under controlled feeding conditions. The study diet included daily intakes of 126 g of meat. Measures of body composition and muscle strength were obtained at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Breakfast, lunch, and dinner were provided every day for 12 weeks, and equal portions of meat were distributed at each meal. Significant effects of the study diet were detected across time for total body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage, absolute fat mass (AFM), and blood pressure such that a decrease (p < 0.001) was observed over 12 weeks. Significant effects of the study diet were detected across time for sit/stand (p < 0.001) such that an increase was observed. From baseline to study end, total body weight decreased by 6.3% (p < 0.001), body fat percentage decreased by 2.5% (p < 0.001), and absolute fat mass (AFM) decreased by 4.4 kg (p < 0.001). By the study end, skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was positively correlated with handgrip strength (R2 = 0.75; p = 0.001) and resting energy expenditure (REE) (R2 = 0.29; p = 0.001). Handgrip strength, gait, balance, and resting energy expenditure (REE) were well maintained (p > 0.05) throughout the study. These findings suggest that the DASH diet has the potential to be a tool to preserve muscle strength while reducing fat mass in obese older adults.

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