scholarly journals Elimination of schistosomiasis in China: Current status and future prospects

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009578
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Robert Bergquist ◽  
Charles H. King ◽  
Kun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control

Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem among all disease-endemic countries in 2030 is an ambitious goal. Recent achievements resulting from mass drug administration (MDA) with praziquantel is promising but may need to be complemented with also other means. Schistosomiasis was highly prevalent in China before the initiation of the national schistosomiasis control program in the mid-1950s, and, at that time, the country bore the world’s highest burden of schistosomiasis. The concerted control efforts, upheld without interruption for more than a half century, have resulted in elimination of the disease as a public health problem in China as of 2015. Here, we describe the current status of schistosomiasis in China, analyze the potential challenges affecting schistosomiasis elimination, and propose the future research needs and priorities for the country, aiming to provide more universal insights into the structures needed for a global schistosomiasis elimination encompassing also other endemic regions.

scholarly journals Current status of Schistosoma mansoni infection among previously treated rural communities in the Abbey and Didessa Valleys, Western Ethiopia: Implications for sustainable control

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247312
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Assefa ◽  
Berhanu Erko ◽  
Svein Gunnar Gundersen ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
Nega Berhe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Western Ethiopia

Background Schistosoma constitutes a major public health problem and developmental challenges in the majority of developing and subtropical regions. The World Health Organization has set guidelines for the control and elimination of schistosomiasis. Ethiopia is providing school-based Mass Drug Administration (MDA) at the study areas of the Abbey and Didessa Valleys of western Ethiopian since 2015. Moreover, mass treatment was already done in the same villages 30 years ago. However, the current Schistosoma mansoni infection status among humans and snails in the study areas is not known. Hence, the present study aims to determine the current status. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the three communities; Chessega, Agallu Metti and Shimala in Schistosoma mansoni endemic areas of the Abbey and Didessa valleys in Western Ethiopia. Using the list of households obtained from the Kebele administration, a systematic sampling technique was used to select households in each village. Results Even though the area is under the Ethiopian national Mass Drug Administration campaign, the present study reports prevalence above 50%. Although the majority of the infections were moderate, we found that 13% had heavy infection, above 400 eggs per gram of stool, which is at the same level as before the treatment campaign 30 years ago. The infection was significantly higher among those below 12 years of age, among non-attending school-age children and daily laborers. Conclusion Schistosoma mansoni infection is still a public health problem in the study areas, despite control efforts already 30 years ago and present mass treatment in the last years. We suggest making the mass treatment campaign just early after the rainy season, when the snails are washed away. This should be supplemented with provisions of clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and reduction of water contact and possible snail control efforts’ to prevent reinfection.

scholarly journals Evaluation of fixative solutions for ultrastructural analysis of brown spider Loxosceles intermedia (araneae: sicariidae) tissues

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1117-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. S. Costa-Ayub ◽  
C. D. Faraco ◽  
C. A. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Sodium Cacodylate ◽  
Brown Spider

In view of the widely varying compositions of fixative solutions used for studying spiders, five different fixative formulas were tested for fixing male brown-spider (Loxosceles intermedia) gonad tissues. The brown spider represents a public health problem in Curitiba (Paraná State, Brazil). Morphological study of its gonads may aid in understanding the reproductive strategies of this species, and possibly in developing a reproduction control program. The fixatives tested contained glutaraldehyde alone or combined with paraformaldehyde, and the buffers cacodylate or phosphate, with or without the addition of sucrose or sodium chloride as osmolytes. Those containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 2% paraformaldehyde in 100 mM phosphate buffer with 200 mM sucrose, or in 200 mM sodium cacodylate, satisfactorily preserved mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, and the membranes in general. These formulas were nearly isosmotic (439 mOsm/kg H2O and 455 mOsm/kg H2O respectively) to brown spider hemolymph (478 mOsm/kg H2O). With respective to the fixative agents, a glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde combination resulted in optimal fixation of Loxosceles intermedia cells. For other species of spiders, hemolymph osmolality should be considered, but the fixative formulas cited above would also probably yield good results.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI IN MUNICIPALITIES IN THE MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima Castro Mendes ◽  
Diogo Marcelo Lima Ribeiro ◽  
Bruna Oliveira Melo ◽  
Maria Rosa Quaresma Bomfim
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Schistosomiasis Mansoni ◽  
Research Profile ◽  
Basic Sanitation

Schistosomiasis is a serious parasitic infectious disease, one of the most important waterborne diseases, which is closely related to poverty, lack of health education and basic sanitation. It is a public health problem in Brazil, presenting endemic in some municipalities in the Maranhão State. In this way, this study aimed to evaluate the research profile of schistosomiasis mansoni in some endemic municipalities in the Maranhão State. A descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study was carried out with data obtained in “Programa de Controle da Esquistossomose (PCE) – MA” (Program for Schistosomiasis Control) between 2005 and 2015. We evaluated 42, 40 and 25 municipalities in the years 2005, 2010 and 2015, respectively. In 2005 the population evaluated was 184787, in 2010 162220 and in 2015 they were only 48484. The highest number of people evaluated in the year 2015 was in São Luís (8068) and the lowest was in Tutoia (83). The municipalities of Bacurituba, Guimarães, Guimaraes, Mirinzal, Paulino Neves and São João Batista presented a survey coverage of schistosomiasis major in the year 2015, compared to 2005 and 2010. Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem in the Maranhão State, however, its scope of research is still low, taking into account the number of endemic municipalities, sites susceptible to infection and the number of people examined.Key words: Schistosomiasis; Schistosoma mansoni; Maranhão.

scholarly journals Review on current status of dengue and its prevention in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 2748-2754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavatharini Sukumaran ◽  
Alan Tom ◽  
Krishnaveni Kandasamy ◽  
Shanmuga Sundaram Rajagopal ◽  
Sambathkumar Ramanathan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Acute Viral Infection ◽  
National Public Health

Dengue is an acute viral infection with potential deadly complications transmitted by both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus female mosquitoes and is said to be a severe and increasing public health problem with 2.5 billion individuals at risk. WHO currently estimates that with around 24,000 fatalities, 50 million cases of dengue disease may occur globally once a year. In India, too, the condition is getting worse as morbidity and mortality rise. Several policies have been adopted to decrease dengue burden through applied research, field-based training, and capacity building among appropriate regional and national public health stakeholders.

Crimes and Misdemeanors: A Review of Recent Research on Suicides in Prison

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Haycock
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Completed Suicide ◽  
Jail Detainees

By contrast with the attention that jail suicide has received in the last decade, suicide among longer-term prisoners has occasioned little public concern and less scholarly interest. This article reviews recent empirical studies of prison suicides, whose results call into question the conventional belief that longer-term prisoners rarely kill themselves. These studies suggest that completed suicide in prison is a serious public health problem, and that for certain sub-groups, the risks of completed suicide approach, and perhaps exceed those of jail detainees. Recent research bears out the connection between outward-turned aggression and suicide, and raises doubts about conventional conceptions of the anti-social personality. The implications for future suicide rates of the “graying” of the prison population, and of the AIDS epidemic within prisons are discussed, as are the needs for future research.

Headache as a Major Public Health Problem: Current Status

Cephalalgia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (21 suppl) ◽  
pp. 66-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Leonardi ◽  
M Musicco ◽  
G Nappi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Major Public Health Problem

scholarly journals Characterization of emerging predominant HFMD pathogen, coxsackievirus A6 in mainland China

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Song ◽  
Y Zhang ◽  
W B Xu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Coxsackievirus A6

Abstract Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) had the highest yearly incidence, with over 10 million cases of HFMD annually reported in China. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) have been regarded as the leading pathogens of HFMD outbreaks worldwide and in China; however, in recent years, the leading pathogens have been changing, as large outbreaks of CV-A6-associated HFMD have been reported worldwide. Since 2013, repeated large-scale HFMD outbreaks caused by CV-A6 happened in mainland China, where, as a result, CV-A6 has surpassed EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the leading HFMD pathogen in most Chinese provinces. We sequenced the whole genomes of 158 CV-A6 clinical samples that were isolated between 2010 and 2018 from the HFMD Surveillance Network established in our laboratory. Our results showed that: seven recombination forms (RFs) of Chinese CV-A6 were detected; different CV-A6 RFs showed distinct virulence and transmissibility; VP1283T may play an important role in the virulence of Chinese CV-A6. HFMD epidemics in China have become a serious public health problem over the past decade. In this research, we have attempted to explore the causes of the high transmissibility of the emerging CV-A6 in mainland China on the basis of CV-A6 evolution based on 336 whole-genome sequences, and we have yielded some fruitful results for the future research and surveillance of HFMD in China. Key messages HFMD epidemics in China have become a serious public health problem over the past decade. CV-A6 has surpassed EV-A71 and CV-A16 as the leading HFMD pathogen in most Chinese provinces.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in a township in southern Bahia: epidemiological and operational indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesus GAS ◽  
M R Silva ◽  
M L Miranda ◽  
I M Reis
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information System ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
Treatment Abandonment

Abstract Tuberculosis is an important public health problem of global magnitude. Although it has had diagnostic and therapeutic support for decades, its control requires attention in several points from the health system. In this context, epidemiological and operational indicators allow evaluating the effectiveness of the Tuberculosis Control Program. A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted with a quantitative approach, referring to the period from 2014 to 2018, in the township of Ilhéus, using secondary data from the Information System of Notifiable Diseases of the State Secretariate of Bahia (SINAN/SESAB). During the analyzed period, 678 cases of tuberculosis were identified in the information system, with an average annual incidence coefficient of 71.32 cases/100,000 inhabitants and a mortality coefficient with an average of 4.45 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. The test rate of these HIV patients was 56.64%. Regarding the directly observed treatment (DOT), the annual average was 10.19% cases that underwent this follow-up, with a reduction of 28.57% of cases in 2014 followed up with DOT for only 8.11% of cases in 2018. Regarding the closure situation, in 2018 there was a higher proportion of individuals who presented cure (77.61%), lower proportion of treatment abandonment (18.30%), as well as a lower number of cases with closure due to death (2.99%). Thus, it is perceived that tuberculosis in the township of Ilhéus presents values far from what is recommended and remains an important public health problem. In view of this scenario, highlights the importance of decentralization of the service, with its management guided by the evaluation of indicators and the consolidation of primary health care. Key messages This study is relevant because it allows the assessment of the tuberculosis profile. The analysis of the indicators makes it possible to adopt appropriate prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals Modelling trachoma post 2020: Opportunities for mitigating the impact of COVID-19 and accelerating progress towards elimination

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Borlase ◽  
Seth Blumberg ◽  
E Kelly Callahan ◽  
Michael S Deiner ◽  
Scott D Nash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Alternative Strategies ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted planned annual antibiotic mass drug administration (MDA) activities which have formed the cornerstone of the largely successful global efforts to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem.MethodsUsing a mathematical model we investigate the impact of interruption to MDA in trachoma-endemic settings. We evaluate potential measures to mitigate this impact and consider alternative strategies for accelerating progress in those areas where the trachoma elimination targets may not be achievable otherwise.ResultsWe demonstrate that for districts which were hyperendemic at baseline, or where the trachoma elimination thresholds have not already been achieved after 3 rounds of MDA, the interruption to planned MDA could lead to a delay greater than the duration of interruption. We also show that an additional round of MDA in the year following MDA resumption could effectively mitigate this delay. For districts where probability of elimination under annual MDA was already very low, we demonstrate that more intensive MDA schedules are needed to achieve agreed targets.ConclusionThrough appropriate use of additional MDA, the impact of COVID-19 in terms of delay to reaching trachoma elimination targets can be effectively mitigated. Additionally, more frequent MDA may accelerate progress towards 2030 goals.

scholarly journals Control and elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem thresholds fail to differentiate schistosomiasis morbidity prevalence in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan E Wiegand ◽  
W Evan Secor ◽  
Fiona M Fleming ◽  
Michael D French ◽  
Charles H King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Preventive Chemotherapy ◽  
Schistosomiasis Control ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Current World Health Organization guidelines utilize prevalence of heavy-intensity infections (PHI), i.e., ≥50 eggs per 10ml of urine for Schistosoma haematobium and ≥400 eggs per gram of stool for S. mansoni, to determine whether a targeted area has controlled schistosomiasis morbidity or eliminated schistosomiasis as a public health problem. The relationship between these PHI categories and morbidity is not well understood. Methods School-aged participants enrolled in schistosomiasis monitoring and evaluation cohorts from 2003-2008 in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia were surveyed for infection and morbidity at baseline and after 1 and 2 rounds of preventive chemotherapy. Logistic regression was used to compare morbidity prevalence among participants based on their school’s PHI category. Findings Microhematuria levels were associated with the S. haematobium PHI categories at all three time points. For any other S. haematobium or S. mansoni morbidity that was measured, PHI categories did not differentiate morbidity prevalence levels consistently. Interpretation These analyses suggest that current PHI categorizations do not differentiate the prevalence of standard morbidity markers. A reevaluation of the criteria for schistosomiasis control is warranted. Funding The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative (now the SCI Foundation) was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (grant 13122).

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