scholarly journals Environmental determinants of E. coli, link with the diarrheal diseases, and indication of vulnerability criteria in tropical West Africa (Kapore, Burkina Faso)

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. e0009634
Author(s):  
Elodie Robert ◽  
Manuela Grippa ◽  
Dayangnéwendé Edwige Nikiema ◽  
Laurent Kergoat ◽  
Hamidou Koudougou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases

In 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 606 024 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is due to domestic and recreational use of polluted surface waters, deficits in hygiene, access to healthcare and drinking water, and to weak environmental and health monitoring infrastructures. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is an indicator for the enteric pathogens that cause many diarrheal diseases. The links between E. coli, diarrheal diseases and environmental parameters have not received much attention in West Africa, and few studies have assessed health risks by taking into account hazards and socio-health vulnerabilities. This case study, carried out in Burkina Faso (Bagre Reservoir), aims at filling this knowledge gap by analyzing the environmental variables that play a role in the dynamics of E. coli, cases of diarrhea, and by identifying initial vulnerability criteria. A particular focus is given to satellite-derived parameters to assess whether remote sensing can provide a useful tool to assess the health hazard. Samples of surface water were routinely collected to measure E. coli, enterococci and suspended particulate matter (SPM) at a monitoring point (Kapore) during one year. In addition, satellite data were used to estimate precipitation, water level, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and SPM. Monthly epidemiological data for cases of diarrhea from three health centers were also collected and compared with microbiological and environmental data. Finally, semi-structured interviews were carried out to document the use of water resources, contact with elements of the hydrographic network, health behavior and condition, and water and health policy and prevention, in order to identify the initial vulnerability criteria. A positive correlation between E. coli and enterococci in surface waters was found indicating that E. coli is an acceptable indicator of fecal contamination in this region. E. coli and diarrheal diseases were strongly correlated with monsoonal precipitation, in situ SPM, and Near Infra-Red (NIR) band between March and November. Partial least squares regression showed that E. coli concentration was strongly associated with precipitation, Sentinel-2 reflectance in the NIR and SPM, and that the cases of diarrhea were strongly associated with precipitation, NIR, E. coli, SPM, and to a lesser extent with NDVI. Moreover, E. coli dynamics were reproduced using satellite data alone, particularly from February to mid-December (R2 = 0.60) as were cases of diarrhea throughout the year (R2 = 0.76). This implies that satellite data could provide an important contribution to water quality monitoring. Finally, the vulnerability of the population was found to increase during the rainy season due to reduced accessibility to healthcare and drinking water sources and increased use of water of poor quality. During this period, surface water is used because it is close to habitations, easy to use and free from monetary or political constraints. This vulnerability is aggravated by marginality and particularly affects the Fulani, whose concessions are often close to surface water (river, lake) and far from health centers.

scholarly journals Environmental determinants ofE. coli, link with the diarrheal diseases, and indication of vulnerability criteria in tropical area (Kapore, Burkina Faso)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Robert ◽  
Manuela Grippa ◽  
Dayangnéwendé Edwige Nikiema ◽  
Laurent Kergoat ◽  
Hamidou Koudougou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Diarrheal Diseases ◽  
E Coli

AbstractIn 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 606 024 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa. This situation is due to domestic and recreational use of polluted surface waters, deficits in hygiene, access to healthcare and drinking water, and to weak environmental and health monitoring infrastructures.Escherichia coli(E. coli) is an indicator for the enteric pathogens that cause many diarrheal diseases. The links betweenE. coli, diarrheal diseases and environmental parameters have not received much attention in West Africa, and few studies have assessed health risks by taking into account hazards and socio-health vulnerabilities. This case study, carried out in Burkina Faso (Bagre Reservoir), aims at filling this knowledge gap by analyzing the environmental variables that play a role in the dynamics ofE. coli, cases of diarrhea, and by identifying initial criteria of vulnerabilities. A particular focus is given to satellite-derived parameters to assess whether remote sensing can provide a useful tool to assess health hazard.Samples of surface water were routinely collected to measureE. coli,enterococci and suspended particulate matter (SPM) at a monitoring point (Kapore) during one year. In addition, satellite data were used to estimate precipitation, water level, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and SPM. Monthly epidemiological data for cases of diarrhea from three health centers were also collected and compared with microbiological and environmental data. Finally, semi-structured interviews were carried out to document the use of water resources, contacts with elements of the hydrographic network, health behaviors and conditions, and water and health policy and prevention in order to identify the initial vulnerability criteria.A positive correlation betweenE. coliand enterococci in surface waters was found indicating thatE. coliis an acceptable indicator of fecal contamination in this region.E. coliand diarrheal diseases were strongly correlated with monsoonal precipitation, in situ SPM, and Near Infra-Red (NIR) band between March and November. Partial least squares regression showed thatE. coliconcentration was strongly associated with precipitation, Sentinel-2 reflectance in the NIR and SPM, and that the cases of diarrhea were strongly associated with precipitation, NIR,E. coli, SPM, and to a lesser extent with NDVI.Moreover, the use of satellite data alone allowed to reproduce the dynamics ofE. coli, particularly from February to mid-December (R²= 0.60) and those of cases of diarrhea throughout the year (R²= 0.76). This implies that satellite data could provide an important contribution to water quality monitoring.Finally, the vulnerability of the population is found to increase during the rainy season due to reduced accessibility to healthcare and drinking water sources and increased use of water of poor quality. At this period, surface water is used because it is close to habitations, free and easy to use irrespective of monetary or political constraints. This vulnerability particularly impacts the Fulani, whose concessions are often close to surface water (river, lake) and far from health centers, a situation aggravated by marginality.Author summaryIn 2017, diarrheal diseases were responsible for 1.57 million deaths, principally in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many diarrheal diseases are caused by the presence of enteric pathogens in surface water includingEscherichia coli (E. coli), a frequently used indicator of the presence of these pathogens. Yet, few studies have been carried out in West Africa to verify this link or to study the relationship between diarrheal diseases,E. coliand environmental parameters. These diarrheal diseases also depend on socio-health vulnerabilities. This case study addresses the dynamics ofE. colialong with another fecal indicator bacteria, enterococci, as well as diarrheal diseases (from three health centers) and socio-health vulnerability (from three villages and Fulani settlements) and their relationship with hydro-meteorological parameters derivable by satellite. The study site is located in the Bagre reservoir in Burkina Faso where Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) andE. coliwere monitored over one year. Water was generally polluted by bacteria of fecal origin throughout the year and more so during the rainy season. We observed a significant relationship betweenE. coliand enterococci.E. coliconcentrations were strongly correlated to, and predicted by, precipitation, satellite reflectance in the NIR band by Sentinel-2, and SPM measured in-situ. Diarrheal diseases were also strongly correlated with these variables as well asE. coli. Vulnerability of the population to diarrhea increases during the rainy season. The microbiological health risk is more important during the rainy season, from June to September, and especially concerns the Fulani settlements.

scholarly journals Ankylosing Spondylitis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Series of 48 Cases Reported in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

2018 ◽  
Vol 08 (03) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Wendlassida Joelle Zabsonre Tiendrebeogo ◽  
Serge Aime Sawadogo ◽  
Fulgence Kabore ◽  
Alain Ilboudo ◽  
Charles Sougue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankylosing Spondylitis ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Detection of enteric viruses in Hungarian surface waters: first steps towards environmental surveillance

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kern ◽  
Mihaly Kadar ◽  
Katalin Szomor ◽  
György Berencsi ◽  
Beatrix Kapusinszky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Bathing Waters

Waterborne viruses infect the human population through the consumption of contaminated drinking water and by direct contact with polluted surface water during recreational activity. Although water related viral outbreaks are a major public health concern, virus detection is not a part of the water quality monitoring scheme, mainly due to the absence of routine analysis methods. In the present study, we implemented various approaches for water concentration and virus detection, and tested on Hungarian surface water samples. Eighty samples were collected from 16 sites in Hungary. Samples were concentrated by glass wool and membrane filtration. Human adenoviruses were detected by conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in 56% (45/80) of the samples; viral titers ranged from 8.60 × 101 to 3.91 × 104 genome copies per liter. Noroviruses and enteroviruses were detected in 30% (24/80) and 13% (10/80) of samples, respectively, by reverse transcription-PCR assays. Results indicate a high prevalence of viral human pathogens in surface waters, suggesting the necessity of a detailed survey focusing on the quality of natural bathing waters and drinking water sources.

A method for prioritization of areas for pesticides surveillance on surface waters: a study in Minas Gerais, Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1693-1698 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Menezes ◽  
L. Heller
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Multicriteria Analysis ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The World

The occurrence of pesticides in drinking water is a matter of growing concern in several parts of the world, mainly in developing countries, due the possible adverse effects on human health. Pesticides applied in the agriculture are an important source of contamination and are rarely monitored in surface water in developing countries, either by water supply operators or health authorities, often not accomplishing the legal issues regarding the quality control of raw waters. The paper discusses a method for prioritization of surveillance actions of pesticides in surface waters, through multicriteria analysis. Five criteria were defined and a range of weight was established for each criterion. For validation of the method, it was applied in five sub-basins of Grande River Basin—MG. This application allowed ordering priority sub-basins for pesticides surveillance, suggesting two sub-basins as priorities. The validation performed enabled the evaluation and adjustment of the method, mainly regarding the availability of information. The method showed a practical alternative for the environmental surveillance, targeting priority areas. Moreover, its structure allows the application in other different areas and for other pollutants.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fecal Indicator and Pathogen Relationships in Sewage Impacted Surface Waters to Blend with Reclaimed Water for Potable Reuse in North Carolina

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1603
Author(s):  
Emily S. Bailey ◽  
Margret Hopkins ◽  
Lisa Casanova ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms

Surface waters used for drinking water supply often receive upstream wastewater effluent inputs, resulting in de facto wastewater reuse for drinking water and recreation. As populations grow, demands on water supplies increase. As this trend continues, it creates the need to understand the risks associated with such reuse. In North Carolina, potable reuse has been proposed as a combination of at least 80% surface water with up to 20% tertiary-treated, dual-disinfected, reclaimed wastewater, which is then stored for 5 days and further treated using conventional drinking water treatment methods. The state of North Carolina has set standards for both intake surface water and for the reclaimed water produced by wastewater utilities, using indicator microorganisms to measure compliance. The goal of this study was to quantify fecal indicator microorganisms, specifically E. coli, coliphages, and C. perfringens as well as key pathogens, specifically Salmonella spp. bacteria, adenoviruses, noroviruses, and the protozoan parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia, in two types of water representing potential candidates for potable reuse in North Carolina, (1) run of river surface water and (2) sewage-impacted surface waters, with the purpose of determining if there are predictive relationships between these two microorganism groups that support microbial indicator reliability.

scholarly journals On the issue of the Uzbekistan surface water quality assessment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Hazard Class ◽  
Difficult Situation

The article is devoted to the analysis of the quality of surface water in Uzbekistan. Analyzed their impact on the living conditions and health of the population of the republic. The most difficult situation with drinking water supply and with the growth of diseases caused by the use of poor-quality drinking water falls on the Navoi, Khorezm, Surkhandarya regions and Karakalpakstan. The stated data makes it relevant to conduct research to determine the quality of surface waters and improve the methods of its assessment. The analysis of existing methods for assessing the quality of surface waters. The technique of assessment of the index of pollution of water applied now in Uzbekistan counted in compliance with “Methodical recommendations about the formalized complex evaluation test of the surface and ocean waters about hydro/chemical indexes” was developed in Soviet period and doesn’t meet the modern requirements. The need to improve the methods for assessing the quality of surface waters as compared with that currently used in Uzhydromet is indicated. One of the most promising at present is the “Method of integrated assessment of the degree of contamination of surface waters by hydro/chemical indicators” developed and used in operational practice in Russia. The most informative comprehensive estimat water pollution and the class of water quality. The author proposed methods for assessing the quality of surface waters, the calculation of which is based on the use of a larger amount of initial information and are more reliable than those used. In particular, the proposed methodology for assessing the quality of surface waters, taking into account the hazard class of ingredients.

scholarly journals A double-masked placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin to prevent child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa: Community Health with Azithromycin Trial (CHAT) study protocol

Trials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sié ◽  
◽  
Mamadou Ouattara ◽  
Mamadou Bountogo ◽  
Cheik Bagagnan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background Biannual, mass azithromycin distribution has previously been shown to reduce all-cause child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. Subgroup analysis suggested that the strongest effects were in the youngest children, leading to the hypothesis that targeting younger age groups might be an effective strategy to prevent mortality. We present the methods of two randomized controlled trials designed to evaluate mass and targeted azithromycin distribution for the prevention of child mortality in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Methods/design The Child Health with Azithromycin Treatment (CHAT) study consists of two nested, randomized controlled trials. In the first, communities are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to biannual, mass azithromycin distribution or placebo. The primary outcome is under-5 all-cause mortality measured at the community level. In the second, children attending primary healthcare facilities during the first 5–12 weeks of life for a healthy child visit (e.g., for vaccination) are randomized in a 1:1 fashion to a single orally administered dose of azithromycin or placebo. The primary outcome is all-cause mortality measured at 6 months of age. The trial commenced enrollment in August 2019. Discussion This study is expected to provide evidence on two health systems delivery approaches (mass and targeted treatment) for azithromycin to prevent all-cause child mortality. The results will inform global and national policies related to azithromycin for the prevention of child mortality. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03676764. Registered on 19 September 2018; prospectively registered pre results.

How does land-use influence the composition of DOM in peatland surface waters?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Moody
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
The Uk

<p>Peatlands export large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) into surface waters. The characteristics of the peatland (e.g. vegetation cover, scale, land use) effect the concentration and composition of DOM in the water. In the UK, water companies use surface water from peatlands as a source of drinking water, and the efficiency of the treatment process depends on the concentration and composition of DOM in the incoming water. In order to better understand the link between peatland characteristics and water treatment efficiency, the composition and concentration of DOM in surface waters draining peatlands across the UK was investigated. Water samples were collected from peatland surface waters from over 300 sites across the UK. Sites with different land uses, vegetation cover, management regimes and restoration states were included.</p><p>The DOM was extracted from the water and analysed, to determine the elemental composition of the DOM. In future, targeted restoration and revegetation of peatlands could be used to alter the composition of DOM in the surface water, to produce DOM that can be more easily treated for drinking water, or treatment processes can be improved to increase treatment efficiency, based on a better understanding of the composition of DOM.</p>

scholarly journals Pollution with Cr6+ of groundwater and surface waters from the industrial dump Jugohrom - Jegunovce – Republic of North Macedonia

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Stojan Mihailovski ◽  
Vojo Mircovski ◽  
Zlatko Ilijovski
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Hexavalent Chromium ◽  
Metallurgical Plant ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Unconfined Aquifers ◽  
Before And After ◽  
European Standards

In order to investigate the pollution with hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) of the groundwater and surface water around the industrial dump Jugohrom – Jegunovce, hydrogeological investigations were carried out during November 2019, where 16 samples of groundwater and 3 samples of surface water were taken. In most of the analyzed samples of groundwater and surface water, the concentration of Cr6+ exceeds the maximal allowed concentrations (MAC) of Cr6+ (0.01 mg/l) according to the Macedonian and European standards in drinking water. The highest contamination with Cr6+ which is in the range of 0.052 – 132.98 mg/l is registered near the dump in the shallow groundwater, i.e. in the unconfined aquifers. Cr6+ pollution ranging from 0.017 to 0.041 mg/l has also been registered in some of the samples at artesian aquifers with a sub-artesian level. Two tests were carried out on the surface water of the Vardar River, before and after the dump. A sevenfold increase in Cr6+ concentration of 0.069 was observed after the dump. Cr6+ content of 725 mg/l was found in the drainage of overflow water in the discharge. Pollution of the groundwater and surface water with Cr6+ is anthropogenic and is a result of the operation of the Metallurgical Plant Jugohrom in the period from 1955 to 1994.

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