How does land-use influence the composition of DOM in peatland surface waters?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Moody
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
The Uk

<p>Peatlands export large quantities of dissolved organic matter (DOM) into surface waters. The characteristics of the peatland (e.g. vegetation cover, scale, land use) effect the concentration and composition of DOM in the water. In the UK, water companies use surface water from peatlands as a source of drinking water, and the efficiency of the treatment process depends on the concentration and composition of DOM in the incoming water. In order to better understand the link between peatland characteristics and water treatment efficiency, the composition and concentration of DOM in surface waters draining peatlands across the UK was investigated. Water samples were collected from peatland surface waters from over 300 sites across the UK. Sites with different land uses, vegetation cover, management regimes and restoration states were included.</p><p>The DOM was extracted from the water and analysed, to determine the elemental composition of the DOM. In future, targeted restoration and revegetation of peatlands could be used to alter the composition of DOM in the surface water, to produce DOM that can be more easily treated for drinking water, or treatment processes can be improved to increase treatment efficiency, based on a better understanding of the composition of DOM.</p>

Water Treatment Considerations–Aquatic Humus

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (S2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
E T Gjessing
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Aquatic Humus ◽  
Treatment Considerations

For several reasons the surface waters in cold climate areas are coloured due to humic substances. There are two major objections against humus in drinking water, the first is concerned with aesthetical and practical problems and the second is due to indirect negative health effects. There are essentially three different methods in use today for the removal or reduction of humus colour in water: (1) Addition of chemicals with the intention of reducing the “solubility”, (2) Addition of chemicals in order to bleach or mineralize the humus, and (3) Filtration with the intention of removal of coloured particles and some of the “soluble” colour. The treatment processes are discussed.

scholarly journals Bacterial diversity and predicted enzymatic function in a multipurpose surface water system – from wastewater effluent discharges to drinking water production

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Tiwari ◽  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Jorge Santo Domingo ◽  
Michael Elk ◽  
Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Production Well

Abstract Background Rivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewater from various sources. The deterioration of surface water quality with wastewater is well-known, but less is known about the bacterial community dynamics in the affected surface waters. Understanding the bacterial community characteristics —from the source of contamination, through the watershed to the DW production process—may help safeguard human health and the environment. Results The spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in southwest Finland were analyzed with the 16S rRNA-gene amplicon sequencing method. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with an artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). The beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p <  0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920 ± 10) among sample groups and gradually decreased during the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320 ± 20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66–80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. The seasonal effect in bacterial communities was observed only on surface water samples, with the lowest diversity during summer. Conclusions The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB read in the DW samples indicate AGR can produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water. Furthermore, the significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources compared to surface water and DW samples highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting the environment and human health.

scholarly journals Waterborne Viruses and F-Specific Coliphages in Mixed-Use Watersheds: Microbial Associations, Host Specificities, and Affinities with Environmental/Land Use Factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tineke H. Jones ◽  
Julie Brassard ◽  
Edward Topp ◽  
Graham Wilkes ◽  
David R. Lapen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Land Development ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

ABSTRACT From the years 2008 to 2014, a total of 1,155 water samples were collected (spring to fall) from 24 surface water sampling sites located in a mixed-used but predominantly agricultural (i.e., dairy livestock production) river basin in eastern Ontario, Canada. Water was analyzed for viable F-specific DNA (F-DNA) and F-specific RNA (F-RNA) (genogroup I [GI] to GIV) coliphage and a suite of molecularly detected viruses (norovirus [GI to GIV], torque teno virus [TTV], rotavirus, kobuvirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, hepatitis A, and hepatitis E). F-DNA and F-RNA coliphage were detected in 33 and 28% of the samples at maximum concentrations of 2,000 and 16,300 PFU · 100 ml−1, respectively. Animal TTV, human TTV, kobuvirus, astrovirus, and norovirus GIII were the most prevalent viruses, found in 23, 20, 13, 12, and 11% of samples, respectively. Viable F-DNA coliphage was found to be a modest positive indicator of molecularly detected TTV. F-RNA coliphage, unlike F-DNA coliphage, was a modest positive predictor of norovirus and rotavirus. There were, however, a number of significant negative associations among F-specific coliphage and viruses. F-DNA coliphage densities of >142 PFU · 100 ml−1 delineated conditions when ∼95% of water samples contained some type of virus. Kobuvirus was the virus most strongly related to detection of any other virus. Land use had some associations with virus/F-specific coliphage detection, but season and surface water flow were the variables that were most important for broadly delineating detection. Higher relative levels of detection of human viruses and human F-RNA coliphage were associated with higher relative degrees of upstream human land development in a catchment. IMPORTANCE This study is one of the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate relationships among F-specific coliphages and a large suite of enteric viruses in mixed-use but agriculturally dominated surface waters in Canada. This study suggested that relationships between viable F-specific coliphages and molecularly detected viruses do exist, but they are not always positive. Caution should be employed if viable F-specific coliphages are to be used as indicators of virus presence in surface waters. This study elucidates relative effects of agriculture, wildlife, and human activity on virus and F-specific coliphage detection. Seasonal and meteorological attributes play a strong role in the detection of most virus and F-specific coliphage targets.

scholarly journals The Dutch secret: safe drinking water without chlorine in the Netherlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. M. H. Smeets ◽  
G. J. Medema ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Water Companies

Abstract. The Netherlands is one of the few countries where chlorine is not used at all, neither for primary disinfection nor to maintain a residual disinfectant in the distribution network. The Dutch approach that allows production and distribution of drinking water without the use of chlorine while not compromising microbial safety at the tap, can be summarized as follows: Use the best source available, in order of preference: – microbiologically safe groundwater, – surface water with soil passage such as artificial recharge or bank filtration, – direct treatment of surface water in a multiple barrier treatment; Use a preferred physical process treatment such as sedimentation, filtration and UV-disinfection. If absolutely necessary, also oxidation by means of ozone or peroxide can be used, but chlorine is avoided; Prevent ingress of contamination during distribution; Prevent microbial growth in the distribution system by production and distribution of biologically stable (biostable) water and the use of biostable materials; Monitor for timely detection of any failure of the system to prevent significant health consequences. New developments in safe drinking water in the Netherlands include the adaptation of the Dutch drinking water decree, implementation of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) by water companies and research into source water quality, drinking water treatment efficacy, safe distribution and biostability of drinking water during distribution and \\textit{Legionella}. This paper summarizes how the Dutch water companies warrant the safety of the drinking water without chlorine.

scholarly journals Bacterial Diversity and Predicted Enzymatic Function in a Multipurpose Surface Water System – From Wastewater Effluent Discharges to Drinking Water Production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda Tiwari ◽  
Anna-Maria Hokajärvi ◽  
Jorge Santo Domingo ◽  
Michael Elk ◽  
Balamuralikrishna Jayaprakash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Seasonal Dynamics ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Pollution Sources ◽  
Production Well ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Enzymatic Function

Abstract BackgroundRivers and lakes are used for multiple purposes such as for drinking water (DW) production, recreation, and as recipients of wastewaters from various sources. The understanding of the seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities on such waters may help for protecting human health and the environment. This study analyzed 16S rRNA-gene high-throughput sequence data for determining the spatial and seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities, their predicted functions, and potential health-related bacterial (PHRB) reads within the Kokemäenjoki River watershed in south-west Finland. Water samples were collected from various sampling points of the watershed, from its major pollution sources (sewage influent and effluent, industrial effluent, mine runoff) and different stages of the DW treatment process (pre-treatment, groundwater observation well, DW production well) by using the river water as raw water with artificial groundwater recharge (AGR). ResultsThe beta-diversity analysis revealed that bacterial communities were highly varied among sample groups (R = 0.92, p < 0.001, ANOSIM). The species richness and evenness indices were highest in surface water (Chao1; 920±10) among sample groups and gradually decreased along the DW treatment process (DW production well; Chao1: 320±20). Although the phylum Proteobacteria was omnipresent, its relative abundance was higher in sewage and industrial effluents (66-80%) than in surface water (55%). Phyla Firmicutes and Fusobacteria were only detected in sewage samples. Actinobacteria was more abundant in the surface water (≥13%) than in other groups (≤3%). Acidobacteria was more abundant in the DW treatment process (≥13%) than in others (≤2%). In total, the share of PHRB reads was higher in sewage and surface water than in the DW treatment samples. In surface water, the recorded richness indices and the share of PHRB reads were lowest during summer than other seasons. When all sample groups were considered together, the predicted enzymatic function was lowest during spring than other seasons. Conclusions The significantly different bacterial communities at the pollution sources as compared to surface water highlight the importance of effective wastewater treatment for protecting surface water quality. The low bacterial diversity and absence of PHRB reads in the DW samples indicate AGR is able to produce biologically stable and microbiologically safe drinking water.

Advances in Treatment Processes to Solve Off-Flavor Problems in Drinking Water

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 153-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. McGuire
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Major Treatment ◽  
New Treatment

There have been significant advances in the development and application of treatment processes to control off-flavor problems in drinking water in the past few years. This paper updates two major treatment process summaries that appeared in 1988 and 1995. The paper also puts the efficiencies of the treatment processes in perspective by using the drinking water flavor wheel as a reference point. Removal or control of classes of off-flavor problems are described in relation to the categories on the wheel. Specifically, processes such as oxidation, adsorption, biological treatment and membranes are described. The recent literature is reviewed and advances in treatment are identified. A new treatment process for controlling nitrification in distribution systems is introduced which has the potential to dramatically reduce the problems of chlorinous odor complaints from customers.

An algal monitoring protocol: the strategic link between reservoir and treatment process

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Machiel C. Steynberg ◽  
K. Adam ◽  
A. J. H. Pieterse
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Algal Blooms ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Monitoring Protocol ◽  
Conventional Unit ◽  
The Ideal

Eutrophication as well as the removal of algae by the drinking water industry received dedicated attention in past three decades. An interdisciplinary approach will assist catchment and water purification managers to work to the same future – algal blooms in reservoirs dominated by the “ideal algae” which can be removed by conventional unit treatment processes. This paper will provide a futuristic picture of resource and product quality management, based on a historic perspective of eutrophication and algal removal research.

How Dutch drinking water production is affected by the use of herbicides on pavements

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.D. Bannink
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Limited Effect ◽  
Surface Water Pollution ◽  
Drinking Water Production ◽  
Reduction Of Emissions ◽  
Water Companies

About forty per cent of drinking water in The Netherlands is produced from surface water. Dutch water companies, that have to rely on this source, are dealing with major water quality problems due to the use of herbicides on pavements. Voluntary measures and bans have had only limited effect on the reduction of emissions of herbicides that runoff from pavements into surface water in The Netherlands. The effects on the production of drinking water from surface water should play a role in the authorisation of pesticides. Stricter regulations, including mandatory emission reduction measures and certification, are necessary. The enforcement of existing Dutch surface water pollution laws should solve part of the problem. Due to the international nature of most of the surface water used for drinking water supply, it is necessary that other countries take measures as well. European legislation brings a solution closer if implemented well and seriously enforced. The threat of strict legislation keeps pressure on the transition towards decreasing the dependence on chemicals for weed control on pavements.

Assessment of membrane processes for taste and odour removal

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
J.-M. Laîne ◽  
K. Glucina ◽  
L. Malleret ◽  
A. Bruchet ◽  
I. Baudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Air Stripping ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water Companies ◽  
Odour Removal

The occurrence of tastes and odours (T&O) in potable water is considered one of the main problems by the drinking water companies. Thus, several treatment processes have been developed over the years to control T&O, including air stripping, activated carbon and oxidation using ozone. However, little information is available in the literature on the use of membranes for T&O removal. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present potential of membrane processes for the removal of taste and odour-causing compounds. Several membranes were tested including ultrafiltration (UF), UF combined with powdered activated carbon (PAC), nanofiltration (NF) and low pressure reverse osmosis (LP RO) membranes. Combination of UF with PAC was found to be effective for T&O control. The use of NF or LP RO is still unclear in the objective of T&O control.

scholarly journals Detection of enteric viruses in Hungarian surface waters: first steps towards environmental surveillance

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Kern ◽  
Mihaly Kadar ◽  
Katalin Szomor ◽  
György Berencsi ◽  
Beatrix Kapusinszky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Bathing Waters

Waterborne viruses infect the human population through the consumption of contaminated drinking water and by direct contact with polluted surface water during recreational activity. Although water related viral outbreaks are a major public health concern, virus detection is not a part of the water quality monitoring scheme, mainly due to the absence of routine analysis methods. In the present study, we implemented various approaches for water concentration and virus detection, and tested on Hungarian surface water samples. Eighty samples were collected from 16 sites in Hungary. Samples were concentrated by glass wool and membrane filtration. Human adenoviruses were detected by conventional and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in 56% (45/80) of the samples; viral titers ranged from 8.60 × 101 to 3.91 × 104 genome copies per liter. Noroviruses and enteroviruses were detected in 30% (24/80) and 13% (10/80) of samples, respectively, by reverse transcription-PCR assays. Results indicate a high prevalence of viral human pathogens in surface waters, suggesting the necessity of a detailed survey focusing on the quality of natural bathing waters and drinking water sources.

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