scholarly journals Trait Associations across Evolutionary Time within a Drosophila Phylogeny: Correlated Selection or Genetic Constraint?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e72072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Kellermann ◽  
Johannes Overgaard ◽  
Volker Loeschcke ◽  
Torsten Nygaard Kristensen ◽  
Ary A. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Drosophila Phylogeny ◽  
Genetic Constraint ◽  
Trait Associations

The living organism: evolutionary design or an accident

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roterman Irena ◽  
Konieczny Leszek
Keyword(s):  
Living Organism ◽  
Evolutionary Design ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Evolutionary Progress ◽  
Biological Program

AbstractThe presented work discusses some evolutionary phenomena underlining the complexity of organism creation and surprisingly the short evolutionary time of this process in particular. Uncommonness of this process ensued from the necessary simultaneous combining of highly complicated biological mechanisms, of which some were generated independently before the direct evolutionary demand. This in conclusion points to still not fully understood biological program ensuring superiority of the permanent evolutionary progress over effects of purely random mutational changes as the driving mechanism in evolution.

scholarly journals Examining Automatic Stereotyping From a Propositional Perspective: Is Automatic Stereotyping Sensitive to Relational and Validity Information?

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110241
Author(s):  
Tal Moran ◽  
Jamie Cummins ◽  
Jan De Houwer
Keyword(s):  
Total N ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Truth Values ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Automatic Stereotyping ◽  
Reference Person ◽  
Trait Associations

Research on automatic stereotyping is dominated by the idea that automatic stereotyping reflects the activation of (group–trait) associations. In two preregistered experiments (total N = 391), we tested predictions derived from an alternative perspective that suggests that automatic stereotyping is the result of the activation of propositional representations that, unlike associations, can encode relational information and have truth values. Experiment 1 found that automatic stereotyping is sensitive to the validity of information about pairs of traits and groups. Experiment 2 showed that automatic stereotyping is sensitive to the specific relations (e.g., whether a particular group is more or less friendly than a reference person) between pairs of traits and groups. Interestingly, both experiments found a weaker influence of validity/relational information on automatic stereotyping than on non-automatic stereotyping. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on automatic stereotyping.

scholarly journals Evolutionarily recent dual obligatory symbiosis among adelgids indicates a transition between fungus- and insect-associated lifestyles

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitta Szabó ◽  
Frederik Schulz ◽  
Alejandro Manzano-Marín ◽  
Elena Rebecca Toenshoff ◽  
Matthias Horn
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Amino Acid Production ◽  
Evolutionary Transition ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Time Specific ◽  
High Level ◽  
Metagenomic Approach

AbstractAdelgids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Adelgidae) form a small group of insects but harbor a surprisingly diverse set of bacteriocyte-associated endosymbionts, which suggest multiple replacement and acquisition of symbionts over evolutionary time. Specific pairs of symbionts have been associated with adelgid lineages specialized on different secondary host conifers. Using a metagenomic approach, we investigated the symbiosis of the Adelges laricis/Adelgestardus species complex containing betaproteobacterial (“Candidatus Vallotia tarda”) and gammaproteobacterial (“Candidatus Profftia tarda”) symbionts. Genomic characteristics and metabolic pathway reconstructions revealed that Vallotia and Profftia are evolutionary young endosymbionts, which complement each other’s role in essential amino acid production. Phylogenomic analyses and a high level of genomic synteny indicate an origin of the betaproteobacterial symbiont from endosymbionts of Rhizopus fungi. This evolutionary transition was accompanied with substantial loss of functions related to transcription regulation, secondary metabolite production, bacterial defense mechanisms, host infection, and manipulation. The transition from fungus to insect endosymbionts extends our current framework about evolutionary trajectories of host-associated microbes.

Problems of selection and phytogeny, terms and methods of behaviorism

1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Charles Catania
Keyword(s):  
Nonverbal Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Grand Tour ◽  
The Way

We have had a grand tour of operant behaviorism ranging over evolutionary time and the breadth of human cultures. It has included both verbal and nonverbal behavior, and it has visited both their public and their private domains. To test my understanding of some of the issues discussed and to offer what I hope will be constructive contributions to the treatments, I here address to Professor Skinner several questions and comments on some of the topics stopped at along the way (I will treat his responses as my souvenirs of the trip).

scholarly journals Analysis of Genetic Variation and Enhancement of Salt Tolerance in French Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed El-Esawi ◽  
Abdullah Al-Ghamdi ◽  
Hayssam Ali ◽  
Aisha Alayafi ◽  
Jacques Witczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Aflp Markers ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Trait Associations

Pisum sativum L. (field pea) is a crop of a high nutritional value and seed oil content. The characterization of pea germplasm is important to improve yield and quality. This study aimed at using fatty acid profiling and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to evaluate the variation and relationships of 25 accessions of French pea. It also aimed to conduct a marker-trait associations analysis using the crude oil content as the target trait for this analysis, and to investigate whether 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) could enhance salt tolerance in the pea germplasm. The percentage of crude oil of the 25 pea genotypes varied from 2.6 to 3.5%, with a mean of 3.04%. Major fatty acids in all of the accessions were linoleic acid. Moreover, the 12 AFLP markers used were polymorphic. The cluster analysis based on fatty acids data or AFLP data divided the 25 pea germplasm into two main clusters. The gene diversity of the AFLP markers varied from 0.21 to 0.58, with a mean of 0.41. Polymorphic information content (PIC) of pea germplasm varied from 0.184 to 0.416 with a mean of 0.321, and their expected heterozygosity (He) varied from 0.212 to 0.477 with a mean of 0.362. The AFLP results revealed that the Nain Ordinaire cultivar has the highest level of genetic variability, whereas Elatius 3 has the lowest level. Three AFLP markers (E-AAC/M-CAA, E-AAC/M-CAC, and E-ACA/M-CAG) were significantly associated with the crude oil content trait. The response of the Nain Ordinaire and Elatius 3 cultivars to high salinity stress was studied. High salinity (150 mM NaCl) slightly reduced the photosynthetic pigments contents in Nain Ordinaire leaves at a non-significant level, however, the pigments contents in the Elatius 3 leaves were significantly reduced by high salinity. Antioxidant enzymes (APX—ascorbate peroxidase; CAT—catalase; and POD—peroxidase) activities were significantly induced in the Nain Ordinaire cultivar, but non-significantly induced in Elatius 3 by high salinity. Priming the salt-stressed Nain Ordinaire and Elatius 3 plants with ALA significantly enhanced the pigments biosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activities, and stress-related genes expression, as compared to the plants stressed with salt alone. In conclusion, this study is amongst the first investigations that conducted marker-trait associations in pea, and revealed a sort of correlation between the diversity level and salt tolerance.

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