Effects of Harvest on the Sustainability and Leaf Productivity of Populations of Two Palm Species in Maya Homegardens

Abstract E. guineensis, the oil palm or African oil palm, is native to equatorial Africa, although the only other species in the genus (E. oleifera) is indigenous to South and Central America. E. guineensis, however, is the major economic species: fruits of E. oleifera have a much lower oil content and are used only locally (Westphal and Jansen, 1989). However, E. guineensis was introduced into South America during the time of the slave trade, and naturalized groves are reported in coastal areas of Brazil near Bélem. In the mid-1800s it was introduced to South-East Asia via the Botanic Gardens in Bogor, Indonesia. The first oil-palm estates in Sumatra (since 1911) and Malaysia (since 1917) used plant material from second- and third-generation descendants of the original Bogor palms, from which one of the breeding populations, the Deli Dura, is derived (Westphal and Jansen, 1989). After soyabean, E. guineensis is the second most important crop worldwide for the supply of edible vegetable oil. Palm oil kernel, for example, is a major agricultural export from Malaysia, and South-East Asia is the main area of production.E. guineensis yields two types of oil: palm oil from the fleshy mesocarp, and palm-kernel oil from the kernel, in a volume ratio 10:1. Most palm oil is used in food preparation (margarines, and industrial frying oils used to prepare snack foods, etc.). Palm-kernel oil is similar in composition and properties to coconut oil, and is used in confectionery, where its higher melting point is particularly useful. It is also used in the manufacture of lubricants, plastics, cosmetics and soaps. The oil palm is a monoecious, erect, single-stemmed tree usually 20-30 m high. The root system is shallow and adventitious, forming a dense mat in the top 35 cm of the soil. The main stem is cylindrical, up to 75 cm diameter. E. guineensis palm fronds are not as suitable for thatching as other palm species, as the leaflets attach to the rachis at two angles. The oil palm is indigenous to the lowland humid tropics, and thrives on a good moisture supply and relatively open conditions. It can tolerate fluctuating water-tables with periods of standing water, although continuously flooded conditions are unsuitable. Sites often selected as suitable for oil palm are swamps, riverbanks, or sites considered too moist for tropical rain forest trees. Rainfall is often the major factor limiting production in plantations: highest yields occur where rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an optimum of 150 mm per month (Westphal and Jansen, 1989). Oil palms can grow on a variety of soil types, from sandy soils to lateritic red and yellow podzols, young volcanic soils, alluvial clays and peat soils; water-holding capacity appears to be the most important soil criterion. It is a demanding crop in terms of soil nutrients. The oil palm also has potential for incorporation into agroforestry practices. Traditional oil palm management in some areas of West Africa often incorporated both pure oil palm groves (perhaps selectively retained), scattered oil palms within temporary fields, and unexploited oil palms in mixed forest (Gupta, 1993). Harvesting of fruits usually starts about 2½ years after field planting; bunches ripen throughout the year and so harvesting usually takes place at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks in any particular area. Because oil palm is so responsive to environmental conditions, yields may vary greatly. However, over the lifetime of a palm tree, yields generally rise to a maximum in the first 6-8 years (after field planting), and will subsequently decline slowly. In Malaysia and Sumatra, well-managed plantations yield between 24 and 32 tonnes/hectare of fruit bunches; the oil yield from this will be between 4.8 and 7 tonnes/hectare. Oil palm plantations are often regarded as a better use of the land than annual food crops in humid tropical areas where soils are prone to leaching: the plantations provide continuous ground cover, and the palm canopy helps protect against soil erosion. Oil palm stems are increasingly used as a raw material for paper and composite board production. This area has big prospects in wood-based industries. It is recommended that more research is undertaken into the properties and utilization. Propagation techniques, the management of pests and diseases, and genetic resources are other areas in which studies could usefully be undertaken.

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Patch occupancy and activity pattern of the spotted paca (Cuniculus paca Linnaeus, 1766) in a protected area of the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Mammalia ◽

10.1515/mammalia-2017-0095 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 83 (4) ◽

pp. 363-371 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Atilla C. Ferreguetti ◽

Walfrido M. Tomas ◽

Helena G. Bergallo

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Extreme Temperature ◽

Temporal Distribution ◽

Camera Traps ◽

Activity Period ◽

Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽

Patch Occupancy ◽

Activity Frequency ◽

Palm Species ◽

Species Activity

Abstract The spotted paca Cuniculus paca (Linnaeus, 1766) is a medium-sized caviomorph rodent of the Cuniculidae family that mainly inhabits tropical forests, but may occur in other habitat types, often associated with water bodies. We aimed to verify which factors influence the spatial and temporal distribution of C. paca in the Vale Natural Reserve (VNR), Espírito Santo, Brazil. We used 39 camera traps to model occupancy and detectability and to estimate the species activity period. The spotted paca showed high occupancy at low distances from water resources and high densities of palm species. The species avoided areas with high poaching intensity, and activity frequency was reduced by extreme temperature and by a higher intensity of poaching. We conclude that in the VNR, the C. paca is a nocturnal species and that it is necessary to assess other elements that could potentially affect the spatial and temporal distribution of the spotted paca in the Atlantic Forest.

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A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CONSERVATION OF FOUR PALM SPECIES: ARENGA AUSTRALASICA, CALAMUS AUSTRALIS, HYDRI- ASTELE WENDLANDIANA AND LICUALA RAMSAYI

REINWARDTIA ◽

10.14203/reinwardtia.v14i1.421 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 237

Author(s):

Dian Latifah ◽

Robert A. Congdon ◽

Joseph A. Holtum

Keyword(s):

Economic Value ◽

Red Light ◽

Tropical Rainforests ◽

Light Conditions ◽

Marginal Lands ◽

Hard Seed ◽

Palm Species ◽

Physiological Approach ◽

Physical Treatments ◽

Seed Coats

Palms (Arecaceae) are an important component of many tropical rainforests. Many have also been cultivated widely for agricultural commodities with high economic value. They are also important components in rehabilitation of disturbed or marginal lands. Knowledge and application of germination strategies are essential in the cultivation of palms. Many species have seeds that do not germinate readily, even when light conditions are favourable. This research determined the effects of seed coats, light and temperature on germination of Arenga australasica (H. Wendl. & Drude) S. T. Blake ex H. E. Moore, Calamus australis Mart., Hydriastele wendlandiana (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude and Licuala ramsayi var. tuckeri Barford & Dowe. We examined physical treatments to promote germination or break dormancy, as well as different light and temperature conditions. The results showed that the hard seed coats of the four species slowed imbibition. Scarified seeds germinated best for A. australasica, C. australis and L. ramsayi. The germination of all seeds was inhibited by far red light. The red light requirement suggests that these species prefer to colonise open areas. This implies that dispersal agents, canopy gaps and forest margins may play important roles in promoting regeneration as well as conservation of these palm species.

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De novo transcriptome analysis and identification of reproduction control genes from the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0251278 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. e0251278

Author(s):

Khawaja Ghulam Rasool ◽

Khalid Mehmood ◽

Mureed Husain ◽

Muhammad Tufail ◽

Waleed Saleh Alwaneen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

De Novo ◽

Fat Body ◽

Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽

Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus ◽

Red Palm Weevil ◽

Illumina Hiseq ◽

Severe Problem ◽

Palm Weevil ◽

Palm Species ◽

Gene Transcripts

Recent attacks by the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), have become a severe problem for palm species. In present work, fat body transcriptome of adult female red palm weevil was analyzed, focusing on the identification of reproduction control genes. Transcriptome study was completed by means of next-generation sequencing (NGS) using Illumina Hiseq 2000 sequencing system. A total of 105,938,182 raw reads, 102,645,544 clean reads, and 9,238,098,960 clean nucleotides with a guanine–cytosine content of 40.31%, were produced. The processed transcriptome data resulted in 43,789 unique transcripts (with mean lengths of 1,172 bp). It was found that 20% of total unique transcripts shared up to 80%–100% sequence identity with homologous species, mainly the mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae (59.9%) and red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (26.9%). Nearly 25 annotated genes were predicted to be involved in red palm weevil reproduction, including five vitellogenin (Vg) transcripts. Among the five Vg gene transcripts, one was highly expressed compared with the other four (FPKM values of 1.963, 1.471, 1.028, and 1.017, respectively), and the five Vg gene transcripts were designated as RfVg, RfVg-equivalent1, RfVg-equivalent2, RfVg-equivalent3, and RfVg-equivalent4, respectively. The high expression level of RfVg verified by RT-polymerase chain reaction analysis suggested that RfVg is the primary functional Vg gene in red palm weevil. A high similarity of RfVg with other Coleopterans was also reflected in a phylogenetic tree, where RfVg was placed within the clade of the order Coleoptera. Awareness of the major genes that play critical roles in reproduction and proliferation of red palm weevil is valuable to understand their reproduction mechanism at a molecular level. In addition, for future molecular studies, the NGS dataset obtained will be useful and will promote the exploration of biotech-based control strategies against red palm weevil, a primary pest of palm trees.

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Study on the Establishment Techniques for Dwarf Broussonetia papyrifera Fodder Forest

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3315 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 610-613 ◽

pp. 3315-3318

Author(s):

Hong Feng Wang ◽

Lei Zeng ◽

Hong Zhang

Keyword(s):

Labor Cost ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Lateral Branch ◽

Work Efficiency ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽

Leaf Production ◽

Tree Form ◽

Crown Width ◽

Leaf Productivity

The establishment techniques for drawf Broussonetia papyrifera fodder forest were present and performed in order to reduce the labor cost and increase the economic benefits, and further the leaf production was estimated based on the field observation. Guided by the dwarfing techniques for B. papyrifera tree, the tree can be dwarfed through tip and lateral branch pruning at the planting year. The optimized tree form after dwarfing is a clumped form with about 1.5m height and about 2m×1m crown width. This tree form facilitates subsequent leaf collecting and further improves the work efficiency. The leaf of dwarf Broussonetia papyrifera fodder forest can be collected six times per year, and the leaf productivity can be reach over 100×103kg fresh weight per hectare.

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Pollen morphology of Sabinaria magnifica (Cryosophileae, Coryphoideae, Arecaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽

10.11646/phytotaxa.207.1.9 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 207 (1) ◽

pp. 135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Giovanni Raul Bogota ◽

Carina Hoorn ◽

Wim Star ◽

Rob Langelaan ◽

Hannah Banks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Pollen Morphology ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

The Other ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Palm Species ◽

Scanning Electron

Sabinaria magnifica is so far the only known species in the recently discovered tropical palm genus Sabinaria (Arecaceae). Here we present a complete description of the pollen morphology of this palm species based on light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We also made SEM-based comparisons of Sabinaria with other genera within the tribe Cryosophileae. Pollen grains of Sabinaria magnifica resemble the other genera in the heteropolar, slightly asymmetric monads, and the monosulcate and tectate exine with perforate surface. Nevertheless, there are some clear differences with Thrinax, Chelyocarpus and Cryosophila in terms of aperture and exine. S. magnifica differs from its closest relative, Itaya amicorum, in the exine structure. This study shows that a combination of microscope techniques is essential for the identification of different genera within the Cryosophileae and may also be a necessary when working with other palynologically less distinct palm genera.

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Metamasius hemipterus. [Distribution map].

Distribution Maps of Plant Pests ◽

10.1079/dmpp/20073255769 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

French Guiana ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

Saccharum Officinarum ◽

Virgin Islands ◽

Equatorial Guinea ◽

Distribution Map ◽

Palm Species ◽

Metamasius Hemipterus ◽

New Distribution ◽

Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Metamasius hemipterus (Linnaeus) Coleoptera: Curculionidae. Hosts: coconut (Cocos nucifera), banana (Musa spp.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and other plants including palm species. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (UK), Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria), North America (Mexico, USA, Florida), Central America and Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, St Kitts Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Virgin Islands), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Amapa, Amazonas, Bahia, Goias, Maranhao, Para, Parana, Pernambuco, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela), Oceania (Australia, Queensland).

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A Survey of Declining Palms (Arecaceae) With 16SrIV-D Phytoplasma to Evaluate the Distribution and Host Range in Florida

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-19-0633-re ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 103 (10) ◽

pp. 2512-2519 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Brian W. Bahder ◽

Noemi Soto ◽

Ericka E. Helmick ◽

Kishore K. Dey ◽

Lidia Komondy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Range ◽

Cocos Nucifera ◽

The State ◽

Systematic Sampling ◽

New Host ◽

Important Species ◽

Fort Lauderdale ◽

Sabal Palmetto ◽

Palm Species ◽

Research And Education

The 16SrIV-D phytoplasma was first identified in Florida in 2006. Since its discovery, it has spread throughout most of the state. It is most prevalent in the central part of Florida, from Hillsborough County on the west coast to St. Lucie County on the east coast. The 16SrIV-D phytoplasma is the causal agent of lethal bronzing disease (LBD), which is also known as Texas Phoenix palm decline (TPPD). It affects a variety of common and economically important ornamental palm species as well as the native and ecologically important species, Sabal palmetto. It has spread into the southern portions of Florida, where the palm species diversity is higher. The aims of this survey were to document the spread of disease in terms of geographic and host range one decade after its introduction into Florida, and to assess the risk that LBD poses to the nursery and landscaping industries. The survey included samples received from stakeholders throughout the state, covering 18 counties, as well as a systematic sampling of palms at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center (FLREC), where the disease is spreading actively. The findings of this survey resulted in the detection of LBD in eight new counties, including Collier, Hernando, Jefferson, Martin, Miami-Dade, Monroe, Seminole, and St. Johns, and the expansion of LBD into four new host species, Cocos nucifera, Livistona chinensis, Butia capitata, and Carpentaria acuminata. These findings are crucial for stakeholders because they highlight new hosts of 16SrIV-D phytoplasma and the geographic expansion of the disease, indicating that vigilance is needed when surveying declining palms.

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