Relationship between living alone and common mental disorders in the 1993, 2000 and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys

Vicente and his colleagues present admirably concise findings from a large epidemiological survey of non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity in four different geographical locations in Chile (Vicente et al, 2004, this issue). Without gainsaying the importance of psychiatric morbidity in that country, many readers, including local decision-makers, may find it difficult to assimilate these results.

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Stress and psychiatric disorder in urban Rawalpindi

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.177.6.557 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 177 (6) ◽

pp. 557-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

David B. Mumford ◽

Fareed A. Minhas ◽

Imtiaz Akhtar ◽

Saeed Akhter ◽

Malik H. Mubbashar

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Emotional Distress ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Survey Method ◽

Urban District ◽

Younger Women ◽

Socio Economic Variables

BackgroundRecent studies in rural areas of Pakistan have yielded high prevalence rates of common mental disorders, especially among women.AimsTo investigate emotional distress and common mental disorders in a poor urban district using the same survey method.MethodFirst-stage screening of a slum district of Rawalpindi used the Bradford Somatic Inventory. Psychiatric interviews were conducted with stratified samples using the ICD–10 research diagnostic criteria.ResultsOn a conservative estimate, 25% of women and 10% of men suffered from anxiety and depressive disorders. Levels of emotional distress increased with age in both men and women. Women living in joint households reported more distress than those living in unitary families. Higher levels of education were associated with lower risk of common mental disorders, especially in younger women. Emotional distress was negatively correlated with socio-economic variables among women.ConclusionsThis study found levels of emotional distress and psychiatric morbidity in a poor district of Rawalpindi to be less than half those in a nearby rural village in the Punjab, although rates in women were still double those in men. Possible explanations are that more healthy people migrate to the cities or that urban living is more conducive to good mental health in Pakistan.

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The contribution of work and non-work stressors to common mental disorders in the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291711001759 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 829-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

C. Clark ◽

C. Pike ◽

S. McManus ◽

J. Harris ◽

P. Bebbington ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Psychological Health ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Workplace Stress ◽

Housing Quality ◽

Work Stressors ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

The Past

BackgroundEvidence for an effect of work stressors on common mental disorders (CMD) has increased over the past decade. However, studies have not considered whether the effects of work stressors on CMD remain after taking co-occurring non-work stressors into account.MethodData were from the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, a national population survey of participants ⩾16 years living in private households in England. This paper analyses data from employed working age participants (N=3383: 1804 males; 1579 females). ICD-10 diagnoses for depressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic or mixed anxiety and depression in the past week were derived using a structured diagnostic interview. Questionnaires assessed self-reported work stressors and non-work stressors.ResultsThe effects of work stressors on CMD were not explained by co-existing non-work stressors. We found independent effects of work and non-work stressors on CMD. Job stress, whether conceptualized as job strain or effort–reward imbalance, together with lower levels of social support at work, recent stressful life events, domestic violence, caring responsibilities, lower levels of non-work social support, debt and poor housing quality were all independently associated with CMD. Social support at home and debt did not influence the effect of work stressors on CMD.ConclusionsNon-work stressors do not appear to make people more susceptible to work stressors; both contribute to CMD. Tackling workplace stress is likely to benefit employee psychological health even if the employee's home life is stressful but interventions incorporating non-work stressors may also be effective.

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Socio-economic position and common mental disorders

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.105.014449 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 189 (2) ◽

pp. 109-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Petros Skapinakis ◽

Scott Weich ◽

Glyn Lewis ◽

Nicola Singleton ◽

Ricardo Araya

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Population Sample ◽

Diagnostic Categories ◽

Longitudinal Association ◽

Economic Position ◽

The Uk

BackgroundIndividuals in lower socio-economic groups have an increased prevalence of common mental disorders.AimsTo investigate the longitudinal association between socio-economic position and common mental disorders in a general population sample in the UK.MethodParticipants (n=2406) were assessed at two time points 18 months apart with the Revised Clinical Interview Schedule. The sample was stratified into two cohorts according to mental health status at baseline.ResultsNone of the socio-economic indicators studied was significantly associated with an episode of common mental disorder at follow-up after adjusting for baseline psychiatric morbidity. The analysis of separate diagnostic categories showed that subjective financial difficulties at baseline were independently associated with depression at follow-up in both cohorts.ConclusionsThese findings support the view that apart from objective measures of socio-economic position, more subjective measures might be equally important from an aetiological or clinical perspective.

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Australia's Mental Health: An Overview of the General Population Survey

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00686.x ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 197-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 241

Author(s):

Scott Henderson ◽

Gavin Andrews ◽

Wayne Hall

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Social Role ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Adult Population ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Composite International Diagnostic Interview ◽

Diagnostic Interview ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Australian Bureau Of Statistics

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to estimate the 1-month and 1-year prevalence of mental disorders in the Australian adult population; to determine the amount of disablement associated with this; and to determine the use of health and other services by persons with common mental disorders. Method: For the Adult Survey, a household sample of 10 600 persons aged 18 years and over were interviewed across Australia by experienced field staff of the Australian Bureau of Statistics. This was 78%% of the target sample. The interview consisted of the composite international diagnostic interview in its automated presentation (CIDI-A) and other components to determine disablement, use of services and satisfaction with services received. The diagnostic classifications used in the analyses were both ICD-10 and DSM-IV. Only the results from ICD-10 are reported here. Results: A total of 17.7%% of the sample had one or more common mental disorders, anxiety, depression, alcohol or substance abuse and neurasthenia. This morbidity was associated with considerable disablement in daily life: 3 days of impaired social role performance in the previous 4 weeks, compared with 1 day for the general population. Of all cases, 64.6%% had had no contact with health services in the previous year; 29.4%% had seen GPs and 7.5%% had seen psychiatrists. Conclusion: Australia now has its own national estimates of psychiatric morbidity. The morbidity is associated with considerable disablement, but most of it is untreated. General practitioners encounter by far the largest proportion of those reaching services.

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Age and birth cohort differences in depression in repeated cross-sectional surveys in England: the National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys, 1993 to 2007

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329171200013x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

pp. 2047-2055 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

N. Spiers ◽

T. S. Brugha ◽

P. Bebbington ◽

S. McManus ◽

R. Jenkins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Cohort Analysis ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cohort Differences ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Icd 10

BackgroundThe National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (NPMS) programme was partly designed to monitor trends in mental disorders, including depression, with comparable data spanning 1993 to 2007. Findings already published from this programme suggest that concerns about increasing prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) may be unfounded. This article focuses on depression and tests the hypothesis that successive birth cohorts experience the same prevalence of depression as they age.MethodWe carried out a pseudo-cohort analysis of a sequence of three cross-sectional surveys of the English household population using identical diagnostic instruments. The main outcome was ICD-10 depressive episode or disorder. Secondary outcomes were the depression subscales of the Clinical Interview Schedule – Revised (CIS-R).ResultsThere were 8670, 6977 and 6815 participants in 1993, 2000 and 2007 respectively. In men, the prevalence of depression increased between cohorts born in 1943–1949 and 1950–1956 [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–4.2], then remained relatively stable across subsequent cohorts. In women, there was limited evidence of change in prevalence of depression. Women born in 1957–1963, surveyed aged 44–50 years in 2007, had exceptionally high prevalence. It is not clear whether this represents a trend or a quirk of sampling.ConclusionsThere is no evidence of an increase in the prevalence of depression in male cohorts born since 1950. In women, there is limited evidence of increased prevalence. Demand for mental health services may stabilize or even fall for men.

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Determinants of Common Mental Disorders Detection by General Practitioners in the Primary Health Care in Brazil

The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine ◽

10.2190/pm.41.1.b ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 3-13 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Daniel A. Gonçalves ◽

Sandra Fortes ◽

Luís Fernando Tófoli ◽

Mônica Rodrigues Campos ◽

Jair De Jesus Mari

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Primary Health Care ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

General Practitioners ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Physical Symptoms ◽

Detection Accuracy ◽

Detection Rates ◽

Primary Health

Objective: Common Mental Disorders (CMD) are highly prevalent among patients attending primary care. Many of these disorders remain unrecognized by general practitioners (GPs), with the detection rates varying from 30 to 60%. This study aims to evaluate the CMD detection rates by Primary Heath Care (PHC) practitioners in Brazil—and factors that affect CMD detection. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted with users of five PHC units in the city of Petrópolis. The CMD prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was estimated by the General Health Questionnaire-12, and the physician's CMD detection was evaluated by a questionnaire completed by GPs after each consultation. Results: Seven hundred and fourteen subjects participated of the study, and 400 (56%) were screened positive using GHQ-12 cut-off point of 2/3. GPs diagnosed 379 people with CMD (53.1%), and 256(36%) subjects were detected by both GHQ and the GPs with an OR of 3.04 (95%CI 2.23–4.13). CMD detection accuracy by GPs was 65%. There was a strong association between the detection of CMD and the report of medically unexplained physical symptoms by GPs. Being female, married, and a frequent service user was also related to higher detection rates. Conclusion: CMD detection rate was similar to those reported worldwide, but contrary to other studies, the presence of MUS increased detection rates. The high frequency of CMD in Primary Health Care highlights the need for improving GP and health worker's training in order to enable them to accurately recognize and treat psychological distress with evidence-based interventions.

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Common mental disorders, subthreshold symptoms and disability: longitudinal study

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.110.079244 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 197 (5) ◽

pp. 411-412 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Dheeraj Rai ◽

Petros Skapinakis ◽

Nicola Wiles ◽

Glyn Lewis ◽

Ricardo Araya

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Functional Disability ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Diagnostic Categories ◽

Icd 10 ◽

The Uk ◽

Aggregate Burden

SummaryIn a representative sample of the UK population we found that common mental disorders (as a group and in ICD–10 diagnostic categories) and subthreshold psychiatric symptoms at baseline were both independently associated with new-onset functional disability and significant days lost from work at 18-month follow-up. Subthreshold symptoms contributed to almost half the aggregate burden of functional disability and over 32 million days lost from work in the year preceding the study. Leaving these symptoms unaccounted for in surveys may lead to gross underestimation of disability related to psychiatric morbidity.

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Worry content across the lifespan: an analysis of 16- to 74-year-old participants in the British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity 2000

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291706008439 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (11) ◽

pp. 1625-1633 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

JAMES LINDESAY ◽

SARAH BAILLON ◽

TRAOLACH BRUGHA ◽

MICHAEL DENNIS ◽

ROBERT STEWART ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

National Survey ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Reference Group ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Functional Limitation ◽

Age Groups ◽

Sociodemographic Factors ◽

Cross Sectional

Background. Previous studies suggest that worry content and prevalence may vary as a function of age, but evidence is limited.Method. Cross-sectional national survey of 8580 householders in Great Britain aged between 16 and 74 years. This analysis examined the relationship between age, worry content (relationships/family, financial/housing, work, health, miscellaneous), common mental disorders, and functional limitation, adjusting for other sociodemographic factors.Results. Overall, the prevalence of worries declined with age. However, with the exception of worry about relationships, the strength of associations between worry types and mental disorder either remained constant or increased in the older age groups. Compared to the 16–24 years reference group, worries about relationships/family, finances/housing and work were lower in the 55–74 years age groups. Financial/housing worries were increased in the 25–44 years group, and health worries were increased in the 25–64 years groups. There were independent associations between all worry items and the categories of mental disorder. All worry types apart from miscellaneous worries were independently associated, positively or negatively, with functional limitation.Conclusions. Worry content in the general population varies as a function of age, gender, marital status, and educational attainment. All categories of worry are more prevalent in individuals with common mental disorders. The lower prevalence of worries and their stronger association with mental disorder in old age emphasize the clinical significance of these symptoms in this age group.

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Associations between IQ and common mental disorders: The 2000 British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.07.002 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 390-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

S. Rajput ◽

A. Hassiotis ◽

M. Richards ◽

S.L. Hatch ◽

R. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Relationship Quality ◽

National Survey ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Problem Drinking ◽

Psychiatric Morbidity ◽

Verbal Iq ◽

Mental Symptoms

AbstractBackgroundAssociations have been described between lower IQ and serious mental illness. Associations between common mental disorders (CMDs) and IQ have received little research. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between verbal IQ and CMD symptoms and diagnoses, and to investigate the role of potential mediating and confounding factors.MethodData were analysed from a British national survey with an analysed sample of 8054 people aged 16–74 years. Associations between verbal IQ (NART) and mental symptoms/disorders (CIS-R) were analysed with covariates including education, social class, income, debt, problem drinking, life events, physical health and relationship quality.ResultsCMD was associated with lower IQ. This association was stronger for depressive disorder/symptoms than for generalised anxiety disorder/symptoms. The most important covariates were education, social class, income and relationship quality.ConclusionsThe association between lower IQ and CMD is partly accounted for by adverse social/socioeconomic conditions. Stronger associations for depression than anxiety may indicate an effect of IQ on the way mental distress is communicated.

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