scholarly journals Molecular detection and species identification of Plasmodium spp. infection in adults in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A population-based study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242713
Author(s):  
Kahindo Kiyonga Aimeé ◽  
Thierry Bobanga Lengu ◽  
Célestin Ndosimao Nsibu ◽  
Solange Efundu Umesumbu ◽  
Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Republic Of Congo

Background In efforts to control malaria infection, the Democratic Republic of Congo has implemented several strategies. Studies assessing their efficiency mainly involved at-risk groups, especially children under five years of age. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with Plasmodium spp. infection. Methods From October 2014 to March 2015, individuals aged at least 15 years were selected randomly and enrolled in a cross-sectional study conducted throughout the country. Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis were used for the detection of Plasmodium ssp. Results From 2286 individuals recruited, 1870 with valid laboratory results were included in the study for further analysis. The prevalence of Plasmodium spp. infection assessed by microscopy (355/ 1870 (19%) was lower than that estimated by PCR (580/1870 (31%). In addition, the difference between the two results was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). The most prevalent Plasmodium species was P. falciparum, either as mono-infection (96.3%; 95% C.I. 93.9–98.1) or combined with P. malariae (3.7%; 95% C.I. 2.8–5.9). The mean parasite density was 3272739 trophozoites/μL of blood. Women had higher risks of being infected than men (OR 2.03, 95% C.I.: 1.96. 2.62, P = 0.041)]. Conclusion In this study, the molecular detection and species identification of Plasmodium spp. showed that, despite all efforts for malaria control, malaria remains a public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The high prevalence and parasite density of Plasmodium spp. in adults make this age group a potential parasitic infectious reservoir for the at-risk groups and supports the need to include this age group in further programs for malaria control.

scholarly journals Individually Linked Household and Health Facility Vaccination Survey in 12 At-risk Districts in Kinshasa Province, Democratic Republic of Congo: Methods and Metadata

2017 ◽  
Vol 216 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S237-S243
Author(s):  
Eleanor Burnett ◽  
Kathleen Wannemuehler ◽  
Guillaume Ngoie Mwamba ◽  
Masembe Yolande ◽  
Kaya Guylain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Health Facility ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Republic Of Congo

scholarly journals Important Aedes Spp. Density Levels in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wat’senga Tezzo Francis ◽  
Fasine Sylvie ◽  
Manzambi Emile Zola ◽  
Marquetti Maria del Carmen ◽  
Binene Mbuka Guillaume ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Breeding Sites

Abstract BACKGROUND: Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika are among the most important emerging infectious vector-borne diseases worldwide. Besides sporadic dengue cases, yellow fever and chikungunya outbreaks have been increasingly reported in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the last decade. The main vectors of these arboviruses, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, were reported in DRC, but there is a lack of detailed information on their presence and spread hampering transmission risk assessments in the region. METHODS: In 2018, two cross-sectional surveys were realized in Kinshasa province (DRC), one in the rainy (January/February) and one in the dry season (July). Four hundred houses were visited in each of the four selected communes (N’Djili, Mont Ngafula, Lingwala and Kalamu). Breedings sites were recorded, larvae and pupae collected and reared to obtain adults for genus and species identification. A subset of specimens was DNA-barcoded for validation of the morphological species identification. RESULTS: The most rural commune (Mont Ngafula) had the highest density levels, with a Breteau Index of 82.2 and 19.5/100 houses in rainy and dry season, respectively. The Breteau Index in the other communes Kalamu, Lingwala and N’Djili elevated to 21.5 (4.7), 36.7 (9.8) and 41.7 (7.5) in the rainy (and dry) season. The House index was on average 27.5% and 7.6%; and the Container Index 15.0% and 10.0% in rainy and dry season, respectively. The vast majority of Aedes positive containers was found outside the houses (adjusted OR 27.4 (95%CI 14.9-50.1)). The main breeding sites were used tires, water storage containers and trash. Anopheles larvae were also found in Aedes breeding sites, especially during the rainy season.CONCLUSIONS: These results show that Kinshasa is highly infested with Aedes spp. which indicates a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the area. During the dry season, the most productive containers (for Aedes pupae production) are containers used for water storage, whereas in the rainy season this is trash and tires. The present study also evidences that Aedes breeding sites are mainly located outdoors. Based on the results of this study, a contextualized Aedes control strategy can be designed for Kinshasa.

Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in An. gambiaes.l.before and after a mass distribution of insecticide treated nets in Kinshasa and from 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Wat’senga ◽  
Fiacre Agossa ◽  
Emile Z. Manzambi ◽  
Gillon Illombe ◽  
Tania Mapangulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Diagnostic Dose ◽  
Llin Distribution

Abstract BackgroundBetween 2011 and 2018, an estimated 134.8 million pyrethroid-treatedlong-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed nationwide in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for malaria control. Pyrethroid resistance has developed in DRC in recent years, but the intensity ofresistance and impact on LLIN efficacy was not known. Therefore, the intensity of resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to permethrin and deltamethrin was monitored before and after a mass distribution of LLINs in Kinshasa in December 2016, and in 7sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018.Materials and MethodsIn Kinshasa, CDC bottle bioassays using 1, 2, 5, and 10 times the diagnostic dose of permethrin and deltamethrin were conducted using An. gambiae s.l. collected as larvae and reared to adults. Bioassays were conducted in four sites in Kinshasa province six months before a mass distribution of deltamethrin-treated ITNs and then two, six, and ten months after the distribution. One site in neighboring Kongo Central province was used as a control (no mass campaign of ITN distribution during the study). Nationwide intensity assays were conducted in six sites in 2017 using CDC bottle bioassays and in 11 sites in 2018 using WHO intensity assays. A sub-sample of An. gambiae s.l. were tested by PCR to determine species composition and frequency of kdr-1014F and 1014S alleles. ResultsIn June 2016, before LLIN distribution, permethrin resistance intensity was high in Kinshasa; the mean mortality rate was 43% at the 5× concentration and 73% at the 10× concentration. Bioassays at 3 time points after LLIN distribution showed considerable variation by site and time and there was no consistent evidence for an increase in pyrethroid resistance intensity compared to the neighboring control site. Tests of An. gambiaes.l. in 7 sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018 showed all populations were resistant to the diagnostic doses of 3 pyrethroids.In 2018, the intensity of resistance varied by site, but was generally moderate for all three pyrethroids, with survivors at ×5 the diagnostic dose. An. gambiae s.s. was the most common species identified across 11 sites in DRC. However in Kinshasa, An. gambiae s.s.(91%) and An. coluzzii (8%) were sympatric.ConclusionsModerate or high intensity pyrethroid resistance was detected nationwide in DRC and is a serious threat to sustained malaria control with pyrethroid LLINs. Next generation nets (PBO nets or bi-treated nets) should be considered for mass distribution.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of human head lice and molecular detection of associated bacterial pathogens in Democratic Republic of Congo

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Scherelle Boumbanda Koyo ◽  
Nadia Amanzougaghene ◽  
Bernard Davoust ◽  
Leon Tshilolo ◽  
Jean Bernard Lekana-Douki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Lice ◽  
Republic Of Congo

scholarly journals Associating the Scale-Up of Insecticide-Treated Nets and Use With the Decline in All-Cause Child Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo From 2005 to 2014

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Nzigire Karemere ◽  
Ismael Ghislain Nana ◽  
Andrew Andrada ◽  
Olivier Muswalu Kakesa ◽  
Eric Mukomena Sompwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Contextual Factor ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Household Ownership

Abstract Background To reduce the malaria burden and improve the socioeconomic status of its citizens, the Democratic Republic of Congo scaled up key malaria control interventions, especially insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), between 2005 and 2014. Since then, the effects of these interventions on malaria mortality and morbidity have not been assessed. This study aims to measure the impact of the National Malaria Control Programme’s efforts and to inform future control strategies.Methods The authors used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys 2007 and 2013-2014 to assess trends in all-cause childhood mortality (ACCM) against trends in coverage of malaria interventions at national and subnational levels. The authors used the plausibility argument to assess the impact of the malaria control interventions and used Kaplan-Meier survival probability and Cox proportional hazard models to examine the effect of ITN ownership on child survival. Contextual factor trends affecting child survival were also considered.Results Countrywide, household ownership of at least one ITN increased, from 9% in 2007 to 70% in 2013-2014. All provinces experienced similar increases, with some greater than the national level. ITN use increased between 2007 and 2013-2014 among children under five (6% to 55%). Severe anaemia (haemoglobin concentration <8g/dl) prevalence among children aged 6–59 months significantly decreased, from 11% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9–13%) in 2007 to 6% (95% CI: 5–7%) in 2013-2014. During the same period, ACCM declined, from 148 (95% CI: 132-163) to 104 (95% CI: 97-112) deaths per 1,000 live births. The decline in ACCM was greater among children aged 6–23 months (relative reduction of 36%), compared to children aged 24–59 months (relative reduction of 12%). Cox regression indicated that household ownership of at least one ITN reduced the risk of mortality by 24% among children under five (risk ratio=0.76, 95% CI: 0.64–0.90). Contextual factor analysis revealed marginal improvements in socioeconomic indicators and other health interventions.Conclusions Given the patterns of the coverage of malaria control interventions, patterns in ACCM by province, and marginal improvements in contextual factors, the authors conclude that the malaria control interventions have plausibly contributed to the decrease in ACCM in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2005 to 2014.

scholarly journals High prevalence of undiagnosed chronic kidney disease among at-risk population in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest K Sumaili ◽  
Eric P Cohen ◽  
Chantal V Zinga ◽  
Jean-Marie Krzesinski ◽  
Nestor M Pakasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Risk Population ◽  
High Prevalence

A pilot study of a family focused, psychosocial intervention with war-exposed youth at risk of attack and abduction in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1197-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul O’Callaghan ◽  
Lindsay Branham ◽  
Ciarán Shannon ◽  
Theresa S. Betancourt ◽  
Martin Dempster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Psychosocial Intervention ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Youth At Risk

scholarly journals Intensity of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae before and after a mass distribution of insecticide-treated nets in Kinshasa and in 11 provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Wat’senga ◽  
Fiacre Agossa ◽  
Emile Z. Manzambi ◽  
Gillon Illombe ◽  
Tania Mapangulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Gambiae ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Diagnostic Dose ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Llin Distribution

Abstract Background: Between 2011 and 2018, an estimated 134.8 million pyrethroid-treated long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) were distributed nationwide in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for malaria control. Pyrethroid resistance has developed in DRC in recent years, but the intensity of resistance and impact on LLIN efficacy was not known. Therefore, the intensity of resistance of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) to permethrin and deltamethrin was monitored before and after a mass distribution of LLINs in Kinshasa in December 2016, and in 7 sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018.Methods: In Kinshasa, CDC bottle bioassays using 1, 2, 5, and 10 times the diagnostic dose of permethrin and deltamethrin were conducted using An. gambiae s.l. collected as larvae and reared to adults. Bioassays were conducted in four sites in Kinshasa province six months before a mass distribution of deltamethrin-treated ITNs and then two, six, and ten months after the distribution. One site in neighbouring Kongo Central province was used as a control (no mass campaign of ITN distribution during the study). Nationwide intensity assays were conducted in six sites in 2017 using CDC bottle bioassays and in 11 sites in 2018 using WHO intensity assays. A sub-sample of An. gambiae s.l. was tested by PCR to determine species composition and frequency of kdr-1014F and 1014S alleles. Results: In June 2016, before LLIN distribution, permethrin resistance intensity was high in Kinshasa; the mean mortality rate was 43% at the 5× concentration and 73% at the 10× concentration. Bioassays at 3 time points after LLIN distribution showed considerable variation by site and time and there was no consistent evidence for an increase in pyrethroid resistance intensity compared to the neighbouring control site. Tests of An. gambiae s.l. in 7 sites across the country in 2017 and 11 sites in 2018 showed all populations were resistant to the diagnostic doses of 3 pyrethroids. In 2018, the intensity of resistance varied by site, but was generally moderate for all three pyrethroids, with survivors at ×5 the diagnostic dose. Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the most common species identified across 11 sites in DRC, but in Kinshasa, An. gambiae s.s. (91%) and Anopheles coluzzii (8%) were sympatric.Conclusions: Moderate or high intensity pyrethroid resistance was detected nationwide in DRC and is a serious threat to sustained malaria control with pyrethroid LLINs. Next generation nets (PBO nets or bi-treated nets) should be considered for mass distribution.

scholarly journals Household prevalence of P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2013-2014

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cedar L Mitchell ◽  
Hillary M Topazian ◽  
Nicholas F Brazeau ◽  
Molly Deutsch-Feldman ◽  
Jeremie Muwonga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Abstract In a cross-sectional molecular study in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 78% of households had at least one member infected with Plasmodium falciparum, vivax, and/or ovale spp. 47% of children and 33% of adults tested positive for at least one species. Risk factors varied by species and age group.

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