scholarly journals What medicines do households keep in their cabinets? Understanding the possession and use of medicines at home and the role of health insurance in Nigeria

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247591
Author(s):  
Hezekiah Olayinka Shobiye ◽  
Oladimeji Akeem Bolarinwa ◽  
Mojirola Martina Fasiku ◽  
Tanimola Makanjuola Akande ◽  
Wendy Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Correct Match ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Insurance Program ◽  
Incorrect Match ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
The Individual ◽  
At Home

Background Globally, the possession of medicines stored at home is increasing. However, little is known about the determinants of possessing medicines, their usage according to clinical purpose, which we term ‘correct drug match’, and the role of health insurance. Methods This study uses data from a 2013 survey evaluating a health insurance program in Kwara State, Nigeria, which upgraded health facilities and subsidized insurance premiums. The final dataset includes 1,090 households and 4,641 individuals. Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regressions were conducted at both the individual level and at the level of the medicines kept in respondents’ homes to understand the determinants of medicine possession and correct drug match, respectively, and to investigate the effect of health insurance on both. Results A total of 9,266 medicines were classified with 61.2% correct match according to self-reported use, 11.9% incorrect match and 26.9% indeterminate. Most medicines (73.0%) were obtained from patent proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs). At 36.6%, analgesics were the most common medicine held at home, while anti-malarial use had the highest correct match at 96.1%. Antihistamines, vitamins and minerals, expectorants, and antibiotics were most likely to have an incorrect match at respectively 35.8%, 33.6%, 31.9%, and 26.6%. Medicines were less likely to have a correct match when found with the uneducated and obtained from public facilities. Enrolment in the insurance program increased correct matches for specific medicines, notably antihypertensives and antibiotics (odds ratio: 25.15 and 3.60, respectively). Conclusion Since PPMVs serve as both the most popular and better channel compared to the public sector to obtain medicines, we recommend that policymakers strengthen their focus on these vendors to educate communities on medicine types and their correct use. Health insurance programs that provide affordable access to improved-quality health facilities represent another important avenue for reducing the burden of incorrect drug use. This appears increasingly important in view of the global rise in antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Analisis Peran Pemerintah Daerah terhadap Ketersediaan Fasilitas Kesehatan pada Pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional di Provinsi Bengkulu

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yandrizal Yandrizal ◽  
Desri Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
National Health Insurance ◽  
National Health ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Motorcycle Taxi

AbstrakProgram Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional bertujuan mempermudah masyarakat untuk mengakses pelayanan kesehatan yang bermutu. Bagaimana ketersediaan fasilitas kesehatan, maka perlu dilakukan analisis peran pemerintah daerah terhadap ketersediaan fasilitas kesehatan. Metode penelitian ini adalah analisis formatif yaitu bertujuan menilai peran pemerintah daerah terhadap kebijakan yang sedang dilaksanakan, dan bagaimana pemikiran memodifikasi untuk pengembangan sehingga membawa perbaikan. Hasil yang didapat ialah pada pertengahan tahun 2014 Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat Pertama (FKTP) yang bekerja sama dengan Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) kesehatan sebanyak 229 unit, masih kurang sebanyak 361 unit untuk mencapai kebutuhan tahun 2019. Akses ke pelayanan kesehatan sebagaian masyarakat masih menjadi kendala geografis, waktu paling lama dari menuju puskesmas 90 sd 120 menit, biaya Rp. 200.000,- menggunakan ojek. Rasio fasilitas pelayaan rujukan tertinggi di Kota Bengkulu 1,88 per 100.000 penduduk dan terendah Kabupaten Rejang Lebong 0,40 per 100.000. Ratio dokter spesialis tertinggi 3.61 per 100.000 penduduk dengan rerata biaya rawat inap Rp. 3.595.000,- per pasien, terendah 0,55 per 100.000 pendudukan dengan rerata biaya rawat inap Rp.1.000.000,-. Pemenuhan tenaga terutama dokter umum, dokter gigi di puskesmas sulit terwujud mengingat formasi CPNS sangat kecil. Apabila dilakukan kontrak, Pemerintah Kabupaten/kota tidak mampu.Kata Kunci: kebijakan pemerintah daerah, fasilitas kesehatan, kebijakan jaminan kesehatan nasional.AbstractThe National Health Insurance Scheme aims to facilitate the public's access to quality health services. How does the availability of health facilities, it is necessary to analyze the role of local governments on the availability of health facilities. Methods: formative analysis, assessing the role of local governments on the policies that are being implemented, and how to modify the thinking for development so as to bring improvement. Results: Mid-2014 FKTP in collaboration with the Social Security Agency (BPJS) health as much as 229 units, 361 units are still lacking to achieve the requirements in 2019. Access to health care is still a society in part to geographical constraints, the longest time of the leading health centers 90 up to 120 minutes, costs IDR. 200.000, - use a motorcycle taxi. The ratio of the highest referral ministry facility in the city of Bengkulu 1.88 per 100,000 population, and the lowest Rejang Lebong 0.40 per 100,000. The highest ratio of specialists per 100,000 population is 3.61 with an average cost of hospitalization IDR. 3.595.000,- per patient, the lowest of 0.55 per 100,000 of the occupation with an average hospitalization cost IDR 1.000.000,-. Fulfillment power especially general practitioners, dentists at health centers employess difficult to achieve given the very small formations, if the contract is done district/city can not afford.Keywords: role of local government, availability of health facilities, the national health insurance policy

scholarly journals Ambidexterity as Practice: Individual Ambidexterity Through Paradoxical Practices

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Papachroni ◽  
Loizos Heracleous
Keyword(s):  
Organization Theory ◽  
Practice Theory ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Exploration And Exploitation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Previous Learning

Following the turn to practice in organization theory and the emerging interest in the microfoundations of ambidexterity, understanding the role of individuals in realizing ambidexterity approaches becomes crucial. Drawing insights from Greek philosophy on paradoxes, and practice theory on paradoxes and ambidexterity, we propose a view of individual ambidexterity grounded in paradoxical practices. Existing conceptualizations of ambidexterity are largely based on separation strategies. Contrary to this perspective, we argue that individual ambidexterity can be accomplished via paradoxical practices that renegotiate or transcend boundaries of exploration and exploitation. We identify three such paradoxical practices at the individual level that can advance understanding of ambidexterity: engaging in “hybrid tasks,” capitalizing cumulatively on previous learning, and adopting a mindset of seeking synergies between the competing demands of exploration and exploitation.

scholarly journals How Can Psychological Science Help Counter the Spread of Fake News?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sander van der Linden ◽  
Jon Roozenbeek ◽  
Rakoen Maertens ◽  
Melisa Basol ◽  
Ondřej Kácha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Intervention Effectiveness ◽  
Motivated Cognition ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The Individual

Abstract In recent years, interest in the psychology of fake news has rapidly increased. We outline the various interventions within psychological science aimed at countering the spread of fake news and misinformation online, focusing primarily on corrective (debunking) and pre-emptive (prebunking) approaches. We also offer a research agenda of open questions within the field of psychological science that relate to how and why fake news spreads and how best to counter it: the longevity of intervention effectiveness; the role of sources and source credibility; whether the sharing of fake news is best explained by the motivated cognition or the inattention accounts; and the complexities of developing psychometrically validated instruments to measure how interventions affect susceptibility to fake news at the individual level.

scholarly journals Oral Sensitivity to Flowability and Food Neophobia Drive Food Preferences and Choice

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024
Author(s):  
Sharon Puleo ◽  
Paolo Masi ◽  
Silvana Cavella ◽  
Rossella Di Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Food Choice ◽  
Food Preferences ◽  
Food Neophobia ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Choice Preference ◽  
Food Liking ◽  
Texture Sensitivity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oral Sensitivity

The study aimed to investigate the role of sensitivity to flowability on food liking and choice, the relationship between sensitivity to flowability and food neophobia, and its role in food liking. Five chocolate creams were prepared with different levels of flowability, and rheological measurements were performed to characterise them. One hundred seventy-six subjects filled in the Food Neophobia Scale and a food choice questionnaire (FCq). The FCq was developed to evaluate preferences within a pair of food items similar in flavour but different in texture. Secondly, the subjects evaluated their liking for creams (labelled affective magnitude (LAM) scale) and the flowability intensity (generalised labelled magnitude (gLM) scale). The subjects were clustered into three groups of sensitivity and two groups of choice preference. The effect of individual flowability sensitivity on food choice was investigated. Finally, the subjects were clustered into two groups according to their food neophobia level. The sensitivity to flowability significantly affected the liking of chocolate creams and the solid food choice. The liking of chocolate creams was also affected by the individual level of neophobia (p = 0.01), which, in turn, was not correlated to flowability sensitivity. These results confirm that texture sensitivity and food neophobia affect what a person likes and drives what a person chooses to eat.

The Role Of The Individual Health Insurance Market And Prospects For Change

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinda Beeuwkes Buntin ◽  
M. Susan Marquis ◽  
Jill M. Yegian
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Insurance Market ◽  
Individual Health ◽  
Health Insurance Market ◽  
The Individual

The Evolution of the Role of U.S. School Nurses in Adolescent Mental Health at the Individual, Community, and Systems Level: An Integrative Review

2022 ◽  
pp. 105984052110681
Author(s):  
Ashwini R. Hoskote ◽  
Emily Croce ◽  
Karen E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Adolescent Mental Health ◽  
School Nurse ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
School Nursing ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

School nurses are crucial to addressing adolescent mental health, yet evidence concerning their evolving role has not been synthesized to understand interventions across levels of practice (i.e., individual, community, systems). We conducted an integrative review of school nurse roles in mental health in the U.S. related to depressive symptoms, anxiety, and stress. Only 18 articles were identified, published from 1970 to 2019, and primarily described school nurses practicing interventions at the individual level, yet it was unclear whether they were always evidence-based. Although mental health concerns have increased over the years, the dearth of rigorous studies made it difficult to determine the impact of school nurse interventions on student mental health outcomes and school nurses continue to feel unprepared and under supported in this area. More research is needed to establish best practices and systems to support school nursing practice in addressing mental health at all levels of practice.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Organizational Capabilities and Individual Competences for Open Innovation in Small and Medium Organizations

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 148-175
Author(s):  
Ilma Pranciulytė-Bagdžiūnienė ◽  
Monika Petraitė
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
Organizational Capabilities ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Business Environments ◽  
The Individual

Open innovation serves as a principal paradigm for success in diverse and dynamic business environments, as it gives the promise of a better-marked acceptance, a higher level of novelty, and managed innovation risks. However, SMEs face a critical challenge in developing open innovation capabilities and establishing new organizational processes that would empower employees to perform in open innovation regimes. We analyze the mediating role of organizational capabilities for employing and facilitating individual competences for innovation performance improvement as based on a survey of 266 SMEs. This study aimed to identify links between organizational capabilities and individual comp etences in AI for innovation performance in SMEs. The results of our study showed that organizational capabilities in AI at the level of organizations play a role as a mediator between competences for AI at the individual level and the progress of innovations. Considering that organizational skills in AI (organizational culture openness, organizational learning and trust, knowledge management systems, etc.) are strong organizational tools that help to increase the efficiency of AI and individual competences (to enhance employee creativity, enhance interaction with partners) as well as management competences (flexibility, ability to work with various professional communities, strategic thinking, etc.). This study partially refutes the assumptions that SMEs can only achieve innovative progress through individual competences in AI. Organizational capabilities in AI are also very important for AI implementation.

Politicizing Solidarity in Times of Crisis: The Politics of Alternative Action Organizations in Greece, Italy, and Spain

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 796-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Zamponi ◽  
Lorenzo Bosi
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Social Solidarity ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Alternative Action ◽  
Visible Effect ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Individual

Alternative action organizations (AAOs) are collective bodies engaged in carrying out alternatives to dominant socioeconomic and cultural practices through actions that aim to provide people with alternative ways of enduring day-to-day difficulties and challenges in hard economic times. They are often interpreted as merely “philanthropic” actors, although it is not rare to see them go beyond the provision of direct services to people in need and end up pursuing political goals through political means. This article focuses on the process of politicization, that is, the transition of issues from the private to the public sphere and thus the use of public forms of contention (e.g., protest) proposing public solutions at the collective level instead of private solutions at the individual level. We argue for the role of the crisis in the politicization of AAOs. In particular, we show that the appropriation of the context as a context of economic crisis in the discourse of AAOs has a visible effect on their politicization, in terms of both repertoire of actions and goals. Furthermore, we show that social solidarity organizations, those that are not inherently politicized, are the main protagonists of this crisis-triggered transition. The article draws on statistical analysis of the data collected through the coding of AAOs’ websites in Greece, Italy, and Spain.

Dilemmas of Distrust: Conspiracy Beliefs, Elite Rhetoric, and Motivated Reasoning

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110345
Author(s):  
Scott Radnitz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
State Level ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
The Individual

Conspiracy theories are playing an increasingly prominent role worldwide in both political rhetoric and popular belief. Previous research has emphasized the individual-level factors behind conspiracy belief but paid less attention to the role of elite framing, while focusing mostly on domestic political contexts. This study assesses the relative weight of official conspiracy claims and motivated biases in producing conspiracy beliefs, in two countries where identities other than partisanship are salient: Georgia and Kazakhstan. I report the results of a survey experiment that depicts a possible conspiracy and varies the content of official claims and relevant contextual details. The results show that motivated reasoning stemming from state-level geopolitical identities is strongly associated with higher conspiracy belief, whereas official claims have little effect on people’s perceptions of conspiracy. Respondents who exhibit higher conspiracy ideation are more likely to perceive a conspiracy but do not weight motivated biases or official claims differently from people with lower conspiratorial predispositions. The findings indicate the importance of (geopolitical) identities in shaping conspiracy beliefs and highlight some of the constraints facing elites who seek to benefit from the use of conspiracy claims.

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