scholarly journals Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 by education level among women and men in Germany. Results from the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251694
Author(s):  
Petra Rattay ◽  
Niels Michalski ◽  
Olga Maria Domanska ◽  
Anna Kaltwasser ◽  
Freia De Bock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Low Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The main strategy for combatting SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 consisted of behavioural regulations including contact reduction, maintaining distance, hand hygiene, and mask wearing. COVID-19-related risk perception and knowledge may influence protective behaviour, and education could be an important determinant. The current study investigated differences by education level in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 in Germany, exploring the development of the pandemic over time. The COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring study is a repeated cross-sectional online survey conducted during the pandemic in Germany from 3 March 2020 (waves 1–28: 27,957 participants aged 18–74). Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour according to education level (high versus low) were analysed using linear and logistic regression. Time trends were accounted for by interaction terms for education level and calendar week. Regarding protective behaviour, interaction terms were tested for all risk perception and knowledge variables with education level. The strongest associations with education level were evident for perceived and factual knowledge regarding COVID-19. Moreover, associations were found between low education level and higher perceived severity, and between low education level and lower perceived probability. Highly educated men were more worried about COVID-19 than those with low levels of education. No educational differences were observed for perceived susceptibility or fear. Higher compliance with hand washing was found in highly educated women, and higher compliance with maintaining distance was found in highly educated men. Regarding maintaining distance, the impact of perceived severity differed between education groups. In men, significant moderation effects of education level on the association between factual knowledge and all three protective behaviours were found. During the pandemic, risk perception and protective behaviour varied greatly over time. Overall, differences by education level were relatively small. For risk communication, reaching all population groups irrespective of education level is critical.

Education level, underemployment, and workers’ health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nan Li ◽  
Dan Wu
Keyword(s):  
Health Inequality ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Low Education ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Group

Under the dual background of underemployment and health inequality, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of education level on underemployed workers’ health based on CLDS2016 data. The results show that underemployment is significantly related to the decline of self-rated health, increased depression tendency, and morbidity in a certain period. The results indicate that underemployment can significantly reduce the health level of workers in the low education level group and the high education level group. However, it has no significant impact on workers’ health in the middle education level group; even if we change the measurement method of indicators and consider endogeneity, the research conclusion is still robust. Moreover, this kind of health inequality mainly comes from the difference in economic effect and leisure effect of underemployment to workers with different educational levels. This paper provides empirical support for increasing the labor protection mechanism of underemployed people and reducing the health inequality caused by educational level differences.

scholarly journals How Persistent Is the Occupation-Education Mismatch in Canada?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Cox Model ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Proportional Hazard ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Job Match ◽  
Probability Of Transition ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This paper investigates the duration of overqualification in Canada, the time-varying probability of leaving overqualification, and the wage consequences associated with the transition. The paper also applies a survival analysis approach to examine the impact of key driving factors on the probability of transitioning from overqualification to a job match using a proportional hazard (Cox) model. The analysis shows that within a 5-year period, an overqualified worker has a 22 percent probability of transitioning to an occupation that matches the education level. The probability of transition also decreases quickly over time, thus lowering the chances of finding a job match after 12 months. Regression analyses also provide evidence that overqualified workers with short tenure are more likely to transition than workers with medium to long tenure. Finally, job-related training nearly doubles the chance of transitioning out of overqualification.

scholarly journals Does transition to retirement increase frequence of volunteering: Findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti O Tanskanen ◽  
Hans Hämäläinen ◽  
Bruno Arpino ◽  
Aïda Solé-Auró ◽  
Mirkka Danielsbacka
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Effect Regression ◽  
Transition To Retirement ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Time Substitution ◽  
Older Europeans ◽  
Over Time

Objectives Several studies have shown that retired older adults volunteer more than their working counterparts. However, there is a lack of research detecting whether the transition to retirement increases the frequency of volunteering over time and the extent to which this potential effect of retirement varies between sociodemographic groups.Methods We used seven waves of data from the longitudinal Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, collected between 2011 and 2018 from 19 countries. Within-person (or panel fixed-effect) regression models, which considered individual variations and person-specific changes over time, were conducted.Results Transition to retirement over time was associated with an increased frequency of volunteering among older Europeans. In addition, transition to retirement was more strongly associated with volunteering in countries with higher overall rates of volunteering, among more highly educated individuals, and among more religious people.Discussion Our findings supported the impact of time substitution and the centrality of social norms in shaping individual behavior. However, we were unable to find support for an influence of social tie replacement. Overall, transition to retirement tends to open up new ways to organize everyday life and increases the time spent volunteering among older Europeans.

scholarly journals Public perceptions and preventive behaviours during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative study between Hong Kong and the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Bowman ◽  
Kin On Kwok ◽  
Rozlyn Redd ◽  
Yuanyuan Yi ◽  
Helen Ward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

Background: In the absence of treatments and vaccines, the mitigation of COVID-19 relies on population engagement in non-pharmaceutical interventions, which is driven by their risk perception, anxiety level and knowledge. There may also be regional discrepancies in these drivers due to different historical exposure to disease outbreaks, government responses and cultures. As such, this study compared psycho-behavioral responses in two regions during the early phase of the pandemic. Methods: Comparable cross-sectional surveys were administered among adults in Hong Kong (HK) and the United Kingdom (UK) during the early phase of each respective epidemic. Explanatory variables included demographics, risk perception and knowledge of COVID-19, anxiety level and preventive behaviors. Responses were weighted according to census data. Logistic regression models, including interaction terms to quantify regional differences, were used to assess the association between explanatory variables and the adoption of social-distancing measures. Results: Data of 3431 complete responses (HK:1663; UK:1768) were analysed. Perceived severity differed by region (HK: 97.5%; UK: 20.7%). A large proportion of respondents were abnormally/borderline anxious (HK:64.8%; UK:45.9%) and regarded direct contact with infected individuals as the transmission route of COVID-19 (HK:94.0-98.5%; UK:69.2-93.5%), with HK identifying additional routes. HK reported high levels of adoption of social-distancing (HK:32.4-93.7%; UK:17.6-59.0%) and mask-wearing (HK:98.8%; UK:3.1%). The impact of perceived severity and perceived ease of transmission on the adoption of social-distancing varied by region. In HK, they had no impact, whereas in the UK, those who perceived severity as 'high' were more likely to adopt social-distancing (aOR:1.58-3.01), and those who perceived transmission as 'easy' were prone to both general social-distancing (aOR:2.00, 95% CI:1.57, 2.55) and contact avoidance (aOR:1.80, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.30). The impact of anxiety on adopting social-distancing did not vary by region. Discussion: These results suggest that health officials should ascertain and consider baseline levels of risk perception and knowledge in the populations, as well as prior sensitisation to infectious disease outbreaks, during the development of mitigation strategies. Risk communication should be done through suitable media channels - and trust should be maintained - while early intervention remains the cornerstone of effective outbreak response.

Risk Perception and Tourist Types

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-43
Author(s):  
Deepti Jog ◽  
Nandakumar Mekoth
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Psychological Risk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Risk Reducing ◽  
Over Time

Over time, tourism has become an industry that has a visible impact on the overall development of the society. This study examines the impact of perceived risks on different types of tourists classified on the basis of travel motives and would help develop a variety of risk-reducing phenomena and paraphernalia to supply to the traveller. Based on a survey conducted among tourists visiting a tourist destination, the study explores the differences in risk perception among different tourist types. The study uses a self-designed scale on type of risks against the ITR scale that classifies travellers into three types based on their travel motives. Findings supported two types of tourist classification against the three types in the existing ITR scale. Findings further revealed that there is a significant difference in the risk perception of the two types of tourists based on their travel motives in case of satisfaction risk, exhaustion risk and psychological risk.

scholarly journals Does reduced employment protection increase the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health?

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213772
Author(s):  
Merel Schuring ◽  
Suzan J W Robroek ◽  
Ludovico Carrino ◽  
Anouk C O’Prinsen ◽  
Karen M Oude Hengel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundDeclines in employment protection may have disproportionate effects on employment opportunities of workers with low education and poorer health. This study investigates the impact of changes in employment protection levels on employment rates according to education and health in 23 European countries.MethodsData were taken from the 4-year rotating panel European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions study. Employed participants aged 29–59 years (n = 334 999) were followed for 1 year over an 11-year period, from 2003 up to 2014. A logistic regression model with country and period fixed effects was used to estimate the association between changes in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) employment protection index and labour market outcomes, incorporating interaction terms with education and health.Results15 of the 23 countries saw their level of employment protection decline between 2003 and 2014. Reduced employment protection of temporary workers increased odds of early retirement (OR 6.29, 95% CI 3.17 to 12.48) and unemployment (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.76). Reduced employment protection of permanent workers increased odds of early retirement more among workers in poor health (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.26 to 8.78) than among workers in good health (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.30 to 5.10). The impact of reduced employment protection of temporary workers on unemployment was stronger among lower-educated workers (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.90) than among higher-educated workers (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.54).ConclusionReduced employment protection increased the odds of early exit from paid employment, especially among workers with lower education and poorer health. Employment protection laws may help reduce the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health.

Disparities associated with the receipt of palliative care in patients with metastatic gastric cancer.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 28-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhadeep Paul ◽  
Caitlin Hester ◽  
Sam C. Wang ◽  
Patricio Polanco ◽  
Adam Charles Yopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Metastatic Gastric Cancer ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Clinicopathologic Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

28 Background: Metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma (mGA) is frequently associated with debilitating symptoms that negatively impact quality of life. We aim to determine the rate of palliative care (PC) use in mGA and the factors which are associated with receipt of PC. Methods: Using the National Cancer Database, mGA patients were selected. Receipt of PC as defined by the NCDB participant use file was correlated to demographic and clinicopathologic factors. As defined according to NCDB, PC treatment included surgery, radiation, systemic therapy, and pain management to alleviate symptoms. Logistic regression was performed to assess the impact of factors on the likelihood of receiving PC. Overall survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank tests. Results: Between 2004 and 2013, 45519 patients with mGA and reported PC status were identified. Median age was 66 years (IQR: 55-76 years) and 64% were male. 7365 (16.2%) patients received PC. PC utilization increased over time (2004-6 13.4%, 2007-10 15.8%, 2011-13 19.1%; p < 0.001). Factors associated with PC on univariate analysis included insurance status, education level, income, sex, race, Charlson/Deyo comorbidity score, and year of diagnosis (all p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, female sex (0.87, 95%CI: 0.83-0.92) and minority race were associated with less receipt of PC (Hispanic 0.73, 95%CI: 0.66-0.80, Black 0.87, 95%CI: 0.80-0.95, Asian 0.89, 95%CI: 0.77-0.98 compared to non-Hispanic White patients). Higher education level was associated with greater receipt of PC (1.46, 95%CI: 1.31-1.62). Receipt of PC was associated with decreased overall survival (PC 4.8 months vs no PC 6.0 months; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although use of PC has increased over time, PC is underutilized in mGA. Disparities exist in receipt of PC in regard to race, gender, and education. Additional research is necessary to better optimize PC use in mGA and mitigate potential disparities.

scholarly journals Dispositions of Adults with Low Education Levels, and Who Haven't Returned to Formal Education, Towards Lifelong Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Vanessa Carvalho da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Lifelong Education ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Methodological Strategy

This study aims to determine how adults with low education levels perceive lifelong education by analysing a set of interconnected and complementary aspects. The methodological strategy focussed on a qualitative analysis based on semi-directive interviews of a biographical nature. Identifying the reasons for the abandonment of initial (formal) education and obstacles faced by these adults over time revealed a myriad of factors justifying their disengagement from available education offers. To understand the amplitude of a phenomenon that links lifelong learning, knowledge, literacy and education level, in situations of a non-return to formal education, the study involved an in-depth analysis of the dispositions of persons who have “remained outside” of this relation with learning.Keywords: Lifelong learning, knowledge society, adults with a low education level, dispositions.

scholarly journals Positive and Negative Effects of Republicanism on US citizens’ Mobility During the First Period of the COVID Crisis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Barbalat ◽  
Nicolas Franck
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract While Republican states have been criticized for their limited efforts to contain the spread of COVID-19, it is important to consider that political orientation can modify human behaviour via complex effects that are still poorly understood. During the first period of the pandemic, we found that the association of republicanism with US citizens' mobility varied depending on the nature of the exposure being considered. First, republicanism was associated with increased mobility when the stringency of anti-COVID measures increased. Second, republicanism was associated with decreased mobility when COVID-related deaths increased. Third, republicanism was associated with increased mobility over time, i.e. as time went by, citizens living in Republican states were more mobile than those in Democratic states. These findings raise caution on any over-interpretation of the impact of polarization in US politics on COVID-related behaviour. They prompt consideration of persuasive tools that emphasize risk perception to promote social distancing in Republican states, rather than relying heavily on stringent anti-COVID interventions.

The Therapist’s Reaction to a Patient’s Suicide

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Martin Wurst ◽  
Isabella Kunz ◽  
Gregory Skipper ◽  
Manfred Wolfersdorf ◽  
Karl H. Beine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Analog Scale ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Item Questionnaire ◽  
Retrospective Nature ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Background: A substantial proportion of therapists experience the loss of a patient to suicide at some point during their professional life. Aims: To assess (1) the impact of a patient’s suicide on therapists distress and well-being over time, (2) which factors contribute to the reaction, and (3) which subgroup might need special interventions in the aftermath of suicide. Methods: A 63-item questionnaire was sent to all 185 Psychiatric Clinics at General Hospitals in Germany. The emotional reaction of therapists to patient’s suicide was measured immediately, after 2 weeks, and after 6 months. Results: Three out of ten therapists suffer from severe distress after a patients’ suicide. The item “overall distress” immediately after the suicide predicts emotional reactions and changes in behavior. The emotional responses immediately after the suicide explained 43.5% of the variance of total distress in a regression analysis. Limitations: The retrospective nature of the study is its primary limitation. Conclusions: Our data suggest that identifying the severely distressed subgroup could be done using a visual analog scale for overall distress. As a consequence, more specific and intensified help could be provided to these professionals.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document