scholarly journals Does reduced employment protection increase the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health?

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213772
Author(s):  
Merel Schuring ◽  
Suzan J W Robroek ◽  
Ludovico Carrino ◽  
Anouk C O’Prinsen ◽  
Karen M Oude Hengel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Retirement ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundDeclines in employment protection may have disproportionate effects on employment opportunities of workers with low education and poorer health. This study investigates the impact of changes in employment protection levels on employment rates according to education and health in 23 European countries.MethodsData were taken from the 4-year rotating panel European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions study. Employed participants aged 29–59 years (n = 334 999) were followed for 1 year over an 11-year period, from 2003 up to 2014. A logistic regression model with country and period fixed effects was used to estimate the association between changes in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) employment protection index and labour market outcomes, incorporating interaction terms with education and health.Results15 of the 23 countries saw their level of employment protection decline between 2003 and 2014. Reduced employment protection of temporary workers increased odds of early retirement (OR 6.29, 95% CI 3.17 to 12.48) and unemployment (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.76). Reduced employment protection of permanent workers increased odds of early retirement more among workers in poor health (OR 4.46, 95% CI 2.26 to 8.78) than among workers in good health (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.30 to 5.10). The impact of reduced employment protection of temporary workers on unemployment was stronger among lower-educated workers (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.90) than among higher-educated workers (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.54).ConclusionReduced employment protection increased the odds of early exit from paid employment, especially among workers with lower education and poorer health. Employment protection laws may help reduce the employment disadvantage of workers with low education and poorer health.

scholarly journals Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 by education level among women and men in Germany. Results from the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0251694
Author(s):  
Petra Rattay ◽  
Niels Michalski ◽  
Olga Maria Domanska ◽  
Anna Kaltwasser ◽  
Freia De Bock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Perceived Severity ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Protective Behaviour ◽  
Low Education ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

The main strategy for combatting SARS-CoV-2 infections in 2020 consisted of behavioural regulations including contact reduction, maintaining distance, hand hygiene, and mask wearing. COVID-19-related risk perception and knowledge may influence protective behaviour, and education could be an important determinant. The current study investigated differences by education level in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour regarding COVID-19 in Germany, exploring the development of the pandemic over time. The COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring study is a repeated cross-sectional online survey conducted during the pandemic in Germany from 3 March 2020 (waves 1–28: 27,957 participants aged 18–74). Differences in risk perception, knowledge and protective behaviour according to education level (high versus low) were analysed using linear and logistic regression. Time trends were accounted for by interaction terms for education level and calendar week. Regarding protective behaviour, interaction terms were tested for all risk perception and knowledge variables with education level. The strongest associations with education level were evident for perceived and factual knowledge regarding COVID-19. Moreover, associations were found between low education level and higher perceived severity, and between low education level and lower perceived probability. Highly educated men were more worried about COVID-19 than those with low levels of education. No educational differences were observed for perceived susceptibility or fear. Higher compliance with hand washing was found in highly educated women, and higher compliance with maintaining distance was found in highly educated men. Regarding maintaining distance, the impact of perceived severity differed between education groups. In men, significant moderation effects of education level on the association between factual knowledge and all three protective behaviours were found. During the pandemic, risk perception and protective behaviour varied greatly over time. Overall, differences by education level were relatively small. For risk communication, reaching all population groups irrespective of education level is critical.

Firm-level agreements, employment strategies and temporary workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-212
Author(s):  
Saverio Minardi
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Collective Agreements ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of two-tier firm-level collective agreements on firms’ propensity to use temporary employment, accounting for the process of self-selection of firms into different bargaining levels in the Italian context. It further examines which firm-level characteristics drive this process of selection. Design/methodology/approach The empirical analysis uses a panel data set of Italian firms for the years 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2015. Estimations are produced and compared through ordinary least square regression, random-effects and fixed-effects models. Findings Results show that enterprises adopting two-tier firm-level agreements (TTFA) are associated with lower levels of temporary workers. However, a longitudinal analysis suggests that introducing a TTFA does not impact firms’ propensity to employ temporary workers. This novel finding highlights the presence of a selection process based on firm-level time-constant characteristics. The paper argues that these characteristics refer to management orientation toward high-road rather than low-road employment strategies. Further evidence is brought in support of this claim, showing that firms’ propensity toward the provision of training for their labor force partially explain the process of selection. Originality/value The study is the first to analyze the impact of secondary-level collective agreements on firms’ reliance on temporary employment, offering new evidence on the causes of the expansion of temporary employment. It further highlights the relevance of employers’ strategies in shaping the impact of the bargaining structure.

On the Determinants of International Migration in the Philippines: An Empirical Analysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma. Reinaruth D. Carlos
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Symmetry Hypothesis ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
The Impact

This article explores the roles of population, average earnings and employment rates in the sending and host countries on international migration. Using a model designed by Schultz (1982) for rural-urban migration, it also tests the validity of two hypotheses, namely, 1) the Harris-Todaro expected earnings hypothesis and 2) the symmetry hypothesis of effects of sending and host area variables on migration. The empirical analysis examines international migration from the Philippines to 26 non-Middle Eastern countries in the period 1981–1995. It uses fixed effects panel data regression method to determine the impact of the economic variables in the sending and host countries. Finally, it looks into the influence of economic transformations in the Philippines and the host countries, as well as the relaxation of migration policies by the host countries on the actual migration of Filipinos in the period 1987–1995.

Firms’ Adjustments to Employment Protection Legislation: Evidence from South Korea

ILR Review ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 733-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jisun Baek ◽  
WooRam Park
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Employment Protection Legislation ◽  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Employment Level ◽  
Temporary Contracts ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Impact

The authors examine the impact of employment protection legislation on firm-level outcomes such as employment and profitability in South Korea. The 2007 Act on the Protection of Temporary Workers restricted the use of specific types of temporary contracts to a period of two years. Exploiting the fact that the impact of the reforms was greater for establishments that intensively used the affected temporary workers, the authors apply a difference-in-differences framework. Their results show that businesses responded to the Act by reducing the use of temporary contracts protected by the reforms and partially substituting them with permanent and other unprotected temporary contracts. As a result, the reform decreased overall employment level of establishments. Furthermore, the authors find that the newly introduced regulations had a limited negative impact on firms’ profitability. Evidence suggests that establishments also improved their capital intensity and their labor productivity in response to the labor reform.

scholarly journals The impact of internal migration to Khartoum state on the demand of Education and Health services (1992- 2008): أثر الهجرة الداخلية في الطلب على خدمتي الصحة والتعليم في ولاية الخرطوم (1992- 2008)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagla Osman Abdelfarag
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Internal Migration ◽  
Good Health ◽  
University Education ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Administrative Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basic Level

    The research aimed to study the effect of internal migration to Khartoum on the demand on health and education services. The historical، analytical، and descriptive approaches were followed. The results showed that there are main causes of migration such as attending university education and having access to good health services. The number of basic level students rises to 1.5%، the schools increase at12.8%، 3.6% consequently between 2006- 2005، 2007- 2006، while the teachers number reaches 13.2%. Hospitals، centers، primary health units، blood banks and radiology units increase to 5.1%، 2.7%، 11.6%، 19%، 5.7% in 2005 comparing with 2004. The research has recommended encouraging investment in the pushing areas so as to create jobs opportunities and encouraging the private sectors. Another recommendation is to establish at least one governmental university in each administrative area and encourage establishing private universities and colleges so as to minimize migration for university education. It is also، recommended to improve the health services in the pushing areas to minimize the rate of migration to Khartoum.    

scholarly journals Thrift and Credit Cooperative Lending Channel under Prolonged Low-Interest Rates: The Case of Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Kovit Charnvitayapong
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Lending Channel ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Credit Cooperatives ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
The Impact

Objective – Considerable research indicates that during times of prolonged low interest rates, commercial bank lending channels are less effective in conveying the impact of expansionary monetary policies. What is the impact of easy money policy through lending channels of non-banking financial institutions (NBFIs) such as thrift and credit cooperatives (TCCs) and why should this result occur? The objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of monetary policy through TCC lending channels compared to bank lending channels from 2008 to 2017. Methodology/Technique – Annual data from 546 TCCs was used in this investigation. A fixed effects model for TCCs and random effect for banks were employed to examine the data. Two models of each institution, one with lagged interaction terms and the other with contemporaneous interaction terms, were tested and compared. The impact of institutional characteristics such as size, deposit, liquidity and equity, and macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth and yield spread, on lending channels were also examined. Finding – As expected, the results show that TCC lending channels respond positively to prolonged low interest rate policies, whilst bank lending channels respond negatively in one model. Thus, if monetary authorities wish to increase the effectiveness of expansionary monetary policy, TCCs should be allowed to develop under careful supervision. Novelty –This study concludes that incremental budgeting caused by regulation must be borne by TCCs. Type of Paper: Empirical. JEL Classification: E44 E51 E52 E58. Keywords: Thrift and Credit Cooperatives (TCCs); Prolonged Low-Interest Rates; Transmission Mechanism; Lending Channels; Fixed Effects. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Charnvitayapong, K. 2020. Thrift and Credit Cooperative Lending Channel under Prolonged Low Interest Rates: The Case of Thailand, J. Bus. Econ. Review 5(2) 59 – 71 https://doi.org/10.35609/jber.2020.5.2(2)

Cumulative (Dis)advantage? The Impact of Labour Market Policies on Late Career Employment from a Life Course Perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENNY BENNETT ◽  
KATJA MÖHRING
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Early Retirement ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Life Course Perspective ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
Central Research ◽  
Employment Protection Legislation ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe investigate the labour market situation of older individuals in Europe in relation to their previous employment history as well as the regulations relating to employment protection legislation and early retirement. Specifically, we look at the competing risks of early retirement and late career unemployment. The central research question is whether policy effects differ according to the characteristics of an individual's previous work history. We employ data for twelve European countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARELIFE) and estimate multilevel regression models. The results show different mechanisms for the risks of unemployment and early retirement. Late career unemployment results from individual factors related to fragmented careers, marginal employment and short tenures. In the case of early retirement, we find the interplay of individual and policy factors to be crucial. Persons with consistent careers have an increased probability of early retirement, but only in countries with generous early retirement benefits. However, employment protection legislation appears to counteract early retirement for this group of individuals. We conclude that policy factors do not have uniform effects for older individuals, but should rather be viewed against the background of previous developments in individual career paths.

scholarly journals Smoke-Free Policies and Smoking Cessation in the United States, 2003–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3200
Author(s):  
Andrea R. Titus ◽  
Lucie Kalousova ◽  
Rafael Meza ◽  
David T. Levy ◽  
James F. Thrasher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Smoking Restrictions ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

(1) Background: Smoking restrictions have been shown to be associated with reduced smoking, but there are a number of gaps in the literature surrounding the relationship between smoke-free policies and cessation, including the extent to which this association may be modified by sociodemographic characteristics. (2) Methods: We analyzed data from the Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, 2003–2015, to explore whether multiple measures of smoking restrictions were associated with cessation across population subgroups. We examined area-based measures of exposure to smoke-free laws, as well as self-reported exposure to workplace smoke-free policies. We used age-stratified, fixed effects logistic regression models to assess the impact of each smoke-free measure on 90-day cessation. Effect modification by gender, education, family income, and race/ethnicity was examined using interaction terms. (3) Results: Coverage by workplace smoke-free laws and self-reported workplace smoke-free policies was associated with higher odds of cessation among respondents ages 40–54. Family income modified the association between smoke-free workplace laws and cessation for women ages 25–39 (the change in the probability of cessation associated with coverage was most pronounced among lower-income women). (4) Conclusions: Heterogeneous associations between policies and cessation suggest that smoke-free policies may have important implications for health equity.

scholarly journals Unemployment Impact of Product and Labor Market Regulation: Evidence from European Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Piton ◽  
François Rycx
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Unemployment Rate ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Employment Protection ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Large Set ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper provides robust estimates of the impact of both product and labor market regulations on unemployment using data from 24 European countries over the period 1998–2013. Controlling for country fixed effects, endogeneity, and a large set of covariates, results show that product market deregulation overall reduces the unemployment rate. This finding is robust across all specifications and in line with theoretical predictions. However, not all types of reforms have the same effect: deregulation of state controls and in particular involvement in business operations tend to push up the unemployment rate. Labor market deregulation, proxied by the employment protection legislation index, is detrimental to unemployment in the short run, while a positive impact (i.e., a reduction in the unemployment rate) occurs only in the long run. Analysis by sub-indicators shows that reducing protection against collective dismissals helps in reducing the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate equation is also estimated for different categories of workers. Although men and women are equally affected by product and labor market deregulations, workers distinguished by age and educational attainment are affected differently. In terms of employment protection, young workers are almost twice as strongly affected as older workers. Regarding product market deregulation, highly educated individuals are less impacted than low- and middle-educated workers.

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