scholarly journals Parafoveal processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information during reading Arabic: A boundary paradigm investigation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0254745
Author(s):  
Ehab W. Hermena ◽  
Eida J. Juma ◽  
Maryam AlJassmi
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Real Root ◽  
Model Building ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skilled Readers ◽  
Boundary Paradigm ◽  
Theory And Model ◽  
Extract Information

Evidence shows that skilled readers extract information about upcoming words in the parafovea. Using the boundary paradigm, we investigated native Arabic readers’ processing of orthographic, morphological, and semantic information available parafoveally. Target words were embedded in frame sentences, and prior to readers fixating them, one of the following previews were made available: (a) Identity preview; (b) Preview that shared the pattern morpheme with the target; (c) Preview that shared the root morpheme with the target; (d) Preview that was a synonym with the target word; (e) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a new root, while preserving all letter identities of the target; (f) Preview with two of the root letters were transposed thus creating a pronounceable pseudo root, while also preserving all letter identities of the target; and (g) Previews that was unrelated to the target word and shared no information with it. The results showed that identity, root-preserving, and synonymous preview conditions yielded preview benefit. On the other hand, no benefit was obtained from the pattern-preserving previews, and significant disruption to processing was obtained from the previews that contained transposed root letters, particularly when this letter transposition created a new real root. The results thus reflect Arabic readers’ dependance on morphological and semantic information, and suggest that these levels of representation are accessed as early as orthographic information. Implications for theory- and model-building, and the need to accommodate early morphological and semantic processing activities in more comprehensive models are further discussed.

Facts, Events, and Inflection: When Language and Memory Dissociate

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1074-1086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Miozzo ◽  
Peter Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Language Functioning ◽  
Lexical Structure

We report on two brain-damaged patients who show contrasting patterns of deficits in memory and language functioning. One patient (AW) suffers from a lexical retrieval deficit and failed to produce many irregularly inflected words such as spun, forgotten, andmice, but demonstrated intact production of regularly inflected words such aswalked andrats. She also had preserved declarative memory for facts and events. The other patient (VP) presented with a severe declarative memory deficit but showed no signs of impairment in producing either regular or irregular inflections. These patterns of deficits reveal that the retrieval of irregular inflections proceeds relatively autonomously with respect to declarative memory. We interpret these deficits with reference to three current theories of lexical structure: (a) Pinker's “words and rules” account, which assumes distinct mechanisms for processing regular and irregular inflections and proposes that lexical and semantic processing are subserved by distinct but interacting cognitive systems; (b) Ullman's “declarative/procedural” model, which assumes that mechanisms for the retrieval of irregular inflections are part of declarative memory; (c) Joanisse and Seidenberg's connectionist model, in which semantic information is critical for the retrieval of irregular inflections.

Key phrase Extraction by Improving TextRank with an Integration of Word Embedding and Syntactic Information

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Qi Luo ◽  
Yukun Feng ◽  
Ke Ding ◽  
Daniela Gifu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Word Embedding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Pagerank Algorithm ◽  
Phrase Extraction ◽  
Extraction Algorithm ◽  
Syntactic Information ◽  
Key Phrase Extraction

Background: As a known key phrase extraction algorithm, TextRank is an analogue of PageRank algorithm, which relied heavily on the statistics of term frequency in the manner of co-occurrence analysis. Objective: The frequency-based characteristic made it a neck-bottle for performance enhancement, and various improved TextRank algorithms were proposed in the recent years. Most of improvements incorporated semantic information into key phrase extraction algorithm and achieved improvement. Method: In this research, taking both syntactic and semantic information into consideration, we integrated syntactic tree algorithm and word embedding and put forward an algorithm of Word Embedding and Syntactic Information Algorithm (WESIA), which improved the accuracy of the TextRank algorithm. Results: By applying our method on a self-made test set and a public test set, the result implied that the proposed unsupervised key phrase extraction algorithm outperformed the other algorithms to some extent.

The time-course of morphosyntactic and semantic priming in late bilinguals: A study of German adjectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
SINA BOSCH ◽  
HELENA KRAUSE ◽  
ALINA LEMINEN
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Behavioral Experiment ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Spatially Extended

How do late proficient bilinguals process morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic information in their non-native language (L2)? How is this information represented in the L2 mental lexicon? And what are the neural signatures of L2 morphosyntactic and lexical-semantic processing? We addressed these questions in one behavioral and two ERP priming experiments on inflected German adjectives testing a group of advanced late Russian learners of German in comparison to native speaker (L1) controls. While in the behavioral experiment, the L2 learners performed native-like, the ERP data revealed clear L1/L2 differences with respect to the temporal dynamics of grammatical processing. Specifically, our results show that L2 morphosyntactic processing yielded temporally and spatially extended brain responses relative to L1 processing, indicating that grammatical processing of inflected words in an L2 is more demanding and less automatic than in the L1. However, this group of advanced L2 learners showed native-like lexical-semantic processing.

DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS OF RELATED SYNSETS IN WordNet FOR A WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION TASK

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 919-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOSTAS FRAGOS ◽  
YANIS MAISTROS
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Word Sense Disambiguation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reasonable Assumption ◽  
P Value ◽  
Word Sense ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Sense Disambiguation

This work presents a new method for an unsupervised word sense disambiguation task using WordNet semantic relations. In this method we expand the context of a word being disambiguated with related synsets from the available WordNet relations and study within this set the distribution of the related synset that correspond to each sense of the target word. A single sample Pearson-Chi-Square goodness-of-fit hypothesis test is used to determine whether the null hypothesis of a composite normality PDF is a reasonable assumption for a set of related synsets corresponding to a sense. The calculated p-value from this test is a critical value for deciding the correct sense. The target word is assigned the sense, the related synsets of which are distributed more "abnormally" relative to the other sets of the other senses. Our algorithm is evaluated on English lexical sample data from the Senseval-2 word sense disambiguation competition. Three WordNet relations, antonymy, hyponymy and hypernymy give a distributional set of related synsets for the context that was proved quite a good word sense discriminator, achieving comparable results with the system obtained the better results among the other competing participants.

scholarly journals Visual word recognition: evidence for a serial bottleneck in lexical access

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex L. White ◽  
Geoffrey M. Boynton ◽  
John Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Semantic Categorization ◽  
Serial Processing ◽  
Trial Stimulus ◽  
Limited Accuracy

Reading is a demanding task, constrained by inherent processing capacity limits. Do those capacity limits allow for multiple words to be recognized in parallel? In a recent study, we measured semantic categorization accuracy for nouns presented in pairs. The words were replaced by post-masks after an interval that was set to each subject’s threshold, such that with focused attention they could categorize one word with ~80% accuracy. When subjects tried to divide attention between both words, their accuracy was so impaired that it supported a serial processing model: on each trial, subjects could categorize one word but had to guess about the other (White, Palmer & Boynton, 2018). In the experiments reported here, we investigated how our previous result generalizes across two tasks that require lexical access but vary in the depth of semantic processing (semantic categorization and lexical decision), and across different masking stimuli, word lengths, lexical frequencies and visual field positions. In all cases, the serial processing model was supported by two effects: (1) a sufficiently large accuracy deficit with divided compared to focused attention; and (2) a trial-by-trial stimulus processing tradeoff, meaning that the response to one word was more likely to be correct if the response to the other was incorrect. However, when the task was to detect colored letters, neither of those effects occurred, even though the post-masks limited accuracy in the same way. Altogether, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that visual processing of words is parallel but lexical access is serial.

Cross-language semantic parafoveal preview benefits in bilinguals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olessia Jouravlev ◽  
Mark McPhedran ◽  
Vegas Hodgins ◽  
Debra Jared
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Preview Benefit ◽  
Activation Model ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Interlingual Homographs ◽  
French Words ◽  
Boundary Paradigm ◽  
Cross Language

The aim of this project was to identify factors contributing to cross-language semantic preview benefits. In Experiment 1, Russian-English bilinguals read English sentences with Russian words presented as parafoveal previews. The gaze-contingent boundary paradigm was used to present sentences. Critical previews were cognate translations of the target word (CTAPT - START), noncognate translations (CPOK - TERM), or interlingual homograph translations (MOPE - SEA). A semantic preview benefit (i.e., shorter fixation durations) was observed for cognate and interlingual homograph translations, but not for noncognate translations. In Experiment 2, English-French bilinguals read English sentences with French words used as parafoveal previews. Critical previews were interlingual homograph translations of the target word (PAIN - BREAD) or interlingual homograph translations with a diacritic added (PÁIN - BREAD). A robust semantic preview benefit was found only for interlingual homographs without diacritics, although both preview types produced a semantic preview benefit in the total fixation duration. Our findings suggest that semantically-related previews need to have substantial orthographic overlap with words in the target language to produce cross-language semantic preview benefits in early eye fixation measures. In terms of the Bilingual Interactive Activation + model, the preview word may need to activate the language node for the target language before its meaning is integrated with that of the target word.

scholarly journals Morphology, Modes of Behavior, and Measures of Market Power: A Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Industrialization of Southern Agriculture on Markets and Market Structure

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Richard A. King
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Present State ◽  
Model Building ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Industrialization ◽  
The Arts ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Impact

In spite of the volume of literature produced over the years reflecting concern over the present state of the arts, the situation is likely to continue. However, there are several new ideas that offer some promise for improving our understanding and ability to project new relationships in the agribusiness sector of the Southern region.Although the title of this article implies a one-way set of forces working from agricultural industrialization to market structure, some of our colleagues regard this relationship as a two way process with forces at work in each sector having strong impacts on the other. It is these interdependencies that make the task of model building so difficult and empirical analysis so complex.

Stable preview difficulty effects in reading with an improved variant of the boundary paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1632-1645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Risse ◽  
Stefan Seelig
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Boundary Current ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Duration Distribution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Boundary Paradigm

Using gaze-contingent display changes in the boundary paradigm during sentence reading, it has recently been shown that parafoveal word-processing difficulties affect fixations on words to the right of the boundary. Current interpretations of this post-boundary preview difficulty effect range from delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effects in parallel word-processing models to forced fixations in serial word-processing models. However, these findings are based on an experimental design that, while allowing to isolate preview difficulty effects, might have established a bias with respect to asymmetries in parafoveal preview benefit for high-frequent and low-frequent target words. Here, we present a revision of this paradigm varying the preview’s lexical frequency and keeping the target word constant. We found substantial effects of the preview difficulty in fixation durations after the boundary confirming that preview processing affects the oculomotor decisions not only via trans-saccadic integration of preview and target word information. An additional time-course analysis showed that the preview difficulty effect was significant across the full fixation duration distribution on the target word without any evidence on the pretarget word before the boundary. We discuss implications of the accumulating evidence of post-boundary preview difficulty effects for models of eye movement control during reading.

Recognizing vocal expressions of emotion in patients with social skills deficits following traumatic brain injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. DIMOSKA ◽  
S. MCDONALD ◽  
M.C. PELL ◽  
R.L. TATE ◽  
C.M. JAMES
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Social Skills ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Inpatient Rehabilitation ◽  
Emotional Prosody ◽  
Processing Demands ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Social Skills Deficits

AbstractPerception of emotion in voice is impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examined whether an inability to concurrently process semantic information (the “what”) and emotional prosody (the “how”) of spoken speech contributes to impaired recognition of emotional prosody and whether impairment is ameliorated when little or no semantic information is provided. Eighteen individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI showing social skills deficits during inpatient rehabilitation were compared with 18 demographically matched controls. Participants completed two discrimination tasks using spoken sentences that varied in the amount of semantic information: that is, (1) well-formed English, (2) a nonsense language, and (3) low-pass filtered speech producing “muffled” voices. Reducing semantic processing demands did not improve perception of emotional prosody. The TBI group were significantly less accurate than controls. Impairment was greater within the TBI group when accessing semantic memory to label the emotion of sentences, compared with simply making “same/different” judgments. Findings suggest an impairment of processing emotional prosody itself rather than semantic processing demands which leads to an over-reliance on the “what” rather than the “how” in conversational remarks. Emotional recognition accuracy was significantly related to the ability to inhibit prepotent responses, consistent with neuroanatomical research suggesting similar ventrofrontal systems subserve both functions. (JINS, 2010, 16, 369–382.)

scholarly journals Skipping of the very-high-frequency structural particle de (的) in Chinese reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanli Zang ◽  
Manman Zhang ◽  
Xuejun Bai ◽  
Guoli Yan ◽  
Bernhard Angele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Reading ◽  
Very High Frequency ◽  
Sentential Context ◽  
Parafoveal Preview ◽  
Single Character ◽  
Boundary Paradigm ◽  
Very High

How do readers decide whether to skip or fixate a word? Angele and Rayner [2013. Processing the in the parafovea: Are articles skipped automatically? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 649–662] showed that English readers base skipping decisions on the parafoveal information available, but not the sentential context. Due to the increased visual density of the language, Chinese readers may be able to process a parafoveal word and integrate it with the sentence context to a greater extent than English readers. Consequently, influences on skipping decisions in Chinese may differ from those in English. In a boundary paradigm experiment, participants read sentences containing a single-character target verb (e.g., 取 meaning get) whose preview was manipulated in three conditions: identity preview; a preview consisting of the syntactically anomalous high-frequency structural particle de (的), or a pseudocharacter preview. The results showed that Chinese readers were more likely to skip the target when the preview was de than in either of the other conditions, suggesting that de-skipping is triggered by the parafoveal preview of a highly frequent particle word rather than on the likelihood of the upcoming word given the sentential context.

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