scholarly journals Replicating the Disease framing problem during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: A study of stress, worry, trust, and choice under risk

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257151
Author(s):  
Nikolay R. Rachev ◽  
Hyemin Han ◽  
David Lacko ◽  
Rebekah Gelpí ◽  
Yuki Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Risky Choices ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Choice Framing ◽  
Practical Implications

In the risky-choice framing effect, different wording of the same options leads to predictably different choices. In a large-scale survey conducted from March to May 2020 and including 88,181 participants from 47 countries, we investigated how stress, concerns, and trust moderated the effect in the Disease problem, a prominent framing problem highly evocative of the COVID-19 pandemic. As predicted by the appraisal-tendency framework, risk aversion and the framing effect in our study were larger than under typical circumstances. Furthermore, perceived stress and concerns over coronavirus were positively associated with the framing effect. Contrary to predictions, however, they were not related to risk aversion. Trust in the government’s efforts to handle the coronavirus was associated with neither risk aversion nor the framing effect. The proportion of risky choices and the framing effect varied substantially across nations. Additional exploratory analyses showed that the framing effect was unrelated to reported compliance with safety measures, suggesting, along with similar findings during the pandemic and beyond, that the effectiveness of framing manipulations in public messages might be limited. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, along with directions for further investigations.

Replicating the “Asian Disease” Framing Paradigm During the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Stress, Worry, Trust, and Choice Under Risk

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay R. Rachev ◽  
Hyemin Han ◽  
David Lacko ◽  
Rebekah Gelpi ◽  
Yuki Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
International Survey ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
High Distress ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Cross National

The Asian disease problem has been widely used to demonstrate the framing effect, whereby different wording of the same options leads to predictably different choices. Notably, it is highly evocative of the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, we investigated how participants would respond to the problem as part of a large-scale international survey (Nincluded = 88,181) conducted from March to May 2020. As predicted by the appraisal-tendency framework, we found larger risk aversion and a larger framing effect than under typical circumstances. Also consistent with the appraisal-tendency framework, we found that perceived stress and concerns over coronavirus were positively associated with the framing effect, while lower levels of trust in the government’s efforts to handle the pandemic were negatively associated with the framing effect. However, the findings did not support predictions regarding the associations between distress, concerns, and trust, and risk aversion in general. Our findings showed that the framing effect is magnified under conditions of high distress and concern, and mitigated under conditions of high distrust. This work might also provide important practical implications regarding the optimal way of framing public messages involving risk, and the possible cross-national variability of the perception of these messages.

scholarly journals Moving beyond Categorical Gender in Studies of Risk Aversion and Anxiety

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Wängnerud ◽  
Maria Solevid ◽  
Monika Djerf-Pierre
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
Advance Research ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Gender Traits

Concepts such as risk aversion and anxiety have received renewed attention in various strands of gender and politics research. Most contemporary scholars suggest that gender gaps in this area are related to social norms and stem from social learning rather than from inherent gender traits. Very few, however, elaborate on the gender variable to reach a fuller understanding of the dynamics at work. In this study, we examined gender gaps in levels of anxiety, an area closely related to risk aversion, and we applied a combination of categorical measures of gender distinguishing between “woman, “man,” and “other” and scales capturing grades of femininity and masculinity in individuals. We label this approachfuzzy gender, and we suggest that it can be used to advance research in our field. The key finding is an interaction effect between categorical measures of gender and fuzzy gender: The more female characteristics in women, the higher the levels of anxiety. Moreover, there is no difference in levels of anxiety between men and women with few female characteristics. The data used draw from a large-scale survey among Swedish citizens in 2013.

A Meta-Analytic Re-Appraisal of the Framing Effect

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Steiger ◽  
Anton Kühberger
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Framing Effects ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
Risk Framing ◽  
Choice Framing ◽  
The Many ◽  
Gain Loss

Abstract. We reevaluated and reanalyzed the data of Kühberger’s (1998) meta-analysis on framing effects in risky decision making by using p-curve. This method uses the distribution of only significant p-values to correct the effect size, thus taking publication bias into account. We found a corrected overall effect size of d = 0.52, which is considerably higher than the effect reported by Kühberger (d = 0.31). Similarly to the original analysis, most moderators proved to be effective, indicating that there is not the risky-choice framing effect. Rather, the effect size varies with different manipulations of the framing task. Taken together, the p-curve analysis shows that there are reliable risky-choice framing effects, and that there is no evidence of intense p-hacking. Comparing the corrected estimate to the effect size reported in the Many Labs Replication Project (MLRP) on gain-loss framing (d = 0.60) shows that the two estimates are surprisingly similar in size. Finally, we conducted a new meta-analysis of risk framing experiments published in 2016 and again found a similar effect size (d = 0.56). Thus, although there is discussion on the adequate explanation for framing effects, there is no doubt about their existence: risky-choice framing effects are highly reliable and robust. No replicability crisis there.

Time to raise the bar on nonprofit strategic planning and implementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret F. Reid ◽  
Lynne Brown ◽  
Denise McNerney ◽  
Dominic J. Perri
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Strategic Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Broad Cross Section ◽  
First Time ◽  
Plan Management ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – This large-scale survey, initiated in 2012 and concluded in 2013, marked the first time a broad cross-section of the nonprofit community was asked to describe the strategic planning and strategic management practices they employ and to rate them for their impact on overall organizational success. Design/methodology/approach – Respondents were asked to self-rate their organization for overall success and the likelihood for continued success in the foreseeable future. Results from this data were then used as a filter to analyze practices across all responses by level of success (N = 507). Findings – Fully 93 percent of the most successful organizations, regardless of size or budget, credited their strategic planning and strategic-management efforts as having “some” to “critical” impact on their organization’s overall success. Practical implications – The evidence in this survey is so compelling that we believe the successful practices it identifies should be adopted by nonprofits of all sizes, demanded by boards, and supported by funders. Originality/value – This research indicates that funders should consider not only supporting strategic plan development, but also supporting development of ongoing plan management/implementation practices and requiring plan assessment reports/updates as part of the grantee’s reporting

Strategic coethnicity

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 418-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kofi Takyi Asante
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Resources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Migrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Migrant Entrepreneurs ◽  
Entrepreneurial Strategies ◽  
Survey Designs ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to present two distinct approaches to migrant entrepreneurship. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on ethnography of two Ghanaian migrant businesses, one of which draws on the Ghanaian community and another which distances itself from it, the author shows that the current understandings of social capital romanticise the notion of community. The author argues that to gain a better appreciation of the ways in which community resources are used by migrant entrepreneurs, we would need to reject such romanticised notions. Findings The ethnography revealed the operation of two entrepreneurial strategies. These, in turn, were shaped by the nature of the migrant community and the resources that entrepreneurs have at their disposal. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this research is that it draws on only two cases. Focusing on two cases allowed for an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms at play but limits the ability to generalise beyond these two cases. Further research will have to use large-scale survey designs to test the mechanisms which have been identified in this paper. Practical implications There are multiple, sometimes conflicting, tendencies in any specific entrepreneurial context, and the author proposes that this configuration of factors leads to the dominance of one or the other entrepreneurial approach. Social implications Underlying these dynamics is an attempt to reconcile the demands of two competing tendencies within the entrepreneurial context: the profit motive versus the community spirit. Originality/value The author concludes with a brief discussion of concept of strategic coethnicity by which this dilemma can be solved.

Research of the Effect of Risky Choice Framing Effect on Personal Taxpaying Decision

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 2846-2850
Author(s):  
Qishen Zhou ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Jiang Liu ◽  
Rui Kang ◽  
Yiling Huang
Keyword(s):  
Framing Effect ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Choice Framing

Are There Test Administrator Effects in Large-Scale Educational Assessments?

Methodology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Lüdtke ◽  
Alexander Robitzsch ◽  
Ulrich Trautwein ◽  
Frauke Kreuter ◽  
Jan Marten Ihme
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
International Student ◽  
Student Assessment ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Mathematics Scores ◽  
International Student Assessment ◽  
Sample Attrition ◽  
Educational Assessments ◽  
Test Administrator ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. In large-scale educational assessments such as the Third International Mathematics and Sciences Study (TIMSS) or the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), sizeable numbers of test administrators (TAs) are needed to conduct the assessment sessions in the participating schools. TA training sessions are run and administration manuals are compiled with the aim of ensuring standardized, comparable, assessment situations in all student groups. To date, however, there has been no empirical investigation of the effectiveness of these standardizing efforts. In the present article, we probe for systematic TA effects on mathematics achievement and sample attrition in a student achievement study. Multilevel analyses for cross-classified data using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedures were performed to separate the variance that can be attributed to differences between schools from the variance associated with TAs. After controlling for school effects, only a very small, nonsignificant proportion of the variance in mathematics scores and response behavior was attributable to the TAs (< 1%). We discuss practical implications of these findings for the deployment of TAs in educational assessments.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Molecular Variability of Kiwifruit Viruses in Actinidia deliciosa ‘Xuxiang’ in the Shaanxi Province of China

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1309-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Wen Yang ◽  
Yuanle Zhang ◽  
Zhanmin Wu ◽  
Qiao-Chun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Multiple Infection ◽  
First Report ◽  
Molecular Variability ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Actinidia Spp ◽  
Main Producer

Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) is an economically substantial fruit crop with China the main producer. China is the primary source of wild kiwifruit and the largest producer of kiwifruit in terms of both production and planting area, and Shaanxi province is the largest kiwifruit producer in China. Previous studies reported presence of kiwifruit viruses in Actinidia chinensis. In this study, six viruses were identified in kiwifruit ‘Xuxiang’ (A. deliciosa) in Shaanxi, China. The incidence, distribution, and genetic diversity of these viruses were studied. The results showed that Actinidia virus A (AcVA), Actinidia virus B (AcVB), Actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus (AcCRaV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), and potato virus X (PVX) were the main viruses infecting Xuxiang kiwifruit in Shaanxi, China. Incidence of the various viruses with both single and multiple infection varied with different kiwifruit-growing counties. For single virus infection, the highest and the lowest numbers of samples infected were about 22 for AcCRaV and 0 for AcVB in Meixian out of 170 samples, 12 for AcVA and 0 for CMV in Zhouzhi out of 120 samples, 10 for AcVA and 0 for AcVB, AcCRaV, ASGV, PVX, and CMV in Yangling out of 70 samples, and 8 for AcCRaV and CMV and 0 for AcVA, AcVB, ASGV, and PVX in Hanzhong out of 80 samples, respectively. Samples which were multiply infected with two or more viruses were also detected. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of these viruses showed some genetic variability in the AcVA, AcVB, and AcCRaV isolates of Shaanxi kiwifruit. There was no obvious molecular variation in the coat protein genes of ASGV, CMV, and PVX virus isolates from Shaanxi kiwifruit. The present study is the first large-scale survey of kiwifruit viruses in Shaanxi, China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PVX infecting kiwifruit and the first report of molecular variability of AcVA, AcVB, and AcCRaV. These results provide important data for studying the genetic evolution of AcVA, AcVB, AcCRaV, ASGV, CMV, and PVX.

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