scholarly journals Effects of automation trust in drivers’ visual distraction during automation

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257201
Author(s):  
Yijing Zhang ◽  
Jinfei Ma ◽  
Chunyang Pan ◽  
Ruosong Chang
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Visual Distraction ◽  
Visual Tasks ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Variety Show ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Trust Scale

With ongoing improvements in vehicle automation, research on automation trust has attracted considerable attention. In order to explore effects of automation trust on drivers’ visual distraction, we designed a three-factor 2 (trust type: high trust group, low trust group) × 2 (video entertainment: variety-show videos, news videos) × 3 (measurement stage: 1–3) experiment. 48 drivers were recruited in Dalian, China for the experiment. With a driving simulator, we used detection-response tasks (DRT) to measure each driver’s performance. Their eye movements were recorded, and automation-trust scale was used to divide participants into high trust group and low trust group. The results show that: (1) drivers in the high trust group has lower mental workload and paid more attention to visual non-driving-related tasks; (2) video entertainment also has an impact on distraction behavior, variety-show videos catch more attention than news videos. The findings of the present study indicate that drivers with high automation trust are more likely to be involved in non-driving-related visual tasks.

scholarly journals Electroencephalography Sample Entropy of Driver Passive Fatigue Threshold in Automated Driving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijing Zhang ◽  
Jinfei Ma ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Ruosong Chang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Fatigue Threshold ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Subjective Report ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With the continuous improvement of automated vehicles, researchers have found that automated driving is more likely to cause insufficient mental workload for the driver, which induces passive fatigue and endangers traffic safety. To explore the impact of automation and scenario complexity on the passive fatigue of the driver, we developed a three-factor, 2 (automated driving, manual driving) × 2 (monotonic condition, engaging condition) × 6 (measurement stage: 1–6) mixed experiment. We collected electroencephalography (EEG), detection-response task (DRT) performance, and the subjective report scores of 48 drivers. We found that in automated driving under monotonic conditions, the topographic map’s activation range of the drivers brain was the smallest in the six stages, and the mental workload of this group continued to maintain the lowest state at each stage; however, the subjectively reported fatigue level was significantly increased; thus, the driver experienced passive fatigue. After simulating a low-load scenario for 40 min, the power of the alpha of the driver’s EEG indicators increased significantly, the accuracy of the detection reaction task decreased, and the reaction time became slower. The EEG sample’s entropy value of the driver’s passive fatigue was 0.243, and the judgement accuracy rate was 0.71. We proved that in automated driving under monotonic conditions, the driver is more prone to passive fatigue owing to insufficient mental workload.

scholarly journals Human-Centered AI to Support an Adaptive Management of Human-Machine Transitions with Vehicle Automation

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Thierry Bellet ◽  
Aurélie Banet ◽  
Marie Petiot ◽  
Bertrand Richard ◽  
Joshua Quick
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Adaptive Management ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
End Users ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Centered Design ◽  
Perceived Utility ◽  
New Type ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Vehicle Automation

This article is about the Human-Centered Design (HCD), development and evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithm aiming to support an adaptive management of Human-Machine Transition (HMT) between car drivers and vehicle automation. The general principle of this algorithm is to monitor (1) the drivers’ behaviors and (2) the situational criticality to manage in real time the Human-Machine Interactions (HMI). This Human-Centered AI (HCAI) approach was designed from real drivers’ needs, difficulties and errors observed at the wheel of an instrumented car. Then, the HCAI algorithm was integrated into demonstrators of Advanced Driving Aid Systems (ADAS) implemented on a driving simulator (dedicated to highway driving or to urban intersection crossing). Finally, user tests were carried out to support their evaluation from the end-users point of view. Thirty participants were invited to practically experience these ADAS supported by the HCAI algorithm. To increase the scope of this evaluation, driving simulator experiments were implemented among three groups of 10 participants, corresponding to three highly contrasted profiles of end-users, having respectively a positive, neutral or reluctant attitude towards vehicle automation. After having introduced the research context and presented the HCAI algorithm designed to contextually manage HMT with vehicle automation, the main results collected among these three profiles of future potential end users are presented. In brief, main findings confirm the efficiency and the effectiveness of the HCAI algorithm, its benefits regarding drivers’ satisfaction, and the high levels of acceptance, perceived utility, usability and attractiveness of this new type of “adaptive vehicle automation”.

The Effects of Practice on Navigation Performance and Mental Workload with a Mirror-In-The-Sky Map

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1546-1550
Author(s):  
Holland M. Vasquez ◽  
Justin G. Hollands ◽  
Greg A. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Practice Performance ◽  
Global Ratings ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Nasa Tlx ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Completion Times

Some previous research using a new augmented reality map display called Mirror-in-the-Sky (MitS) showed that performance was worse and mental workload (MWL) greater with MitS relative to a track-up map for navigation and wayfinding tasks. The purpose of the current study was to determine—for both MitS and track-up map—how much performance improves and MWL decreases with practice in a simple navigation task. We conducted a three-session experiment in which twenty participants completed a route following task in a virtual environment. Task completion times and collisions decreased, subjective MWL decreased, and secondary task performance improved with practice. The NASA-TLX Global ratings and Detection Response Task Hit Rates showed a larger decrease in MWL with MitS than the track-up map. Additionally, means for performance and workload measures showed that differences between the MitS and track-up map decreased in the first session. In later sessions the differences between the MitS and track-up map were negligible. As such, with practice performance and MWL may be comparable to a traditional track-up map.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of physical development parameters of children with stages 1 to 3 of chronic kidney disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
T L Nastausheva ◽  
O A Zhdanova ◽  
N S Nastausheva ◽  
L I Stahurlova ◽  
I V Grebennikova
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Group 1

Aim. To conduct comparative analysis of height, weight and body mass index in children with stages 1 to 3 of chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by recurrent urinary tract infection due to congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract.Methods. The study was performed on 210 children: 110 patients examined in 2001-2002 (group 1) and 100 children examined in 2011-2012 (group 2). Stage 1 of CKD was observed in 94 (85.4%) children in group 1 and in 93 (93%) in group 2, stage 2 - in 16 (14.6%) and 7 (7%) patients, respectively. From both groups patients matched by sex, age, diagnosis and social status were selected: 20 patients with stage 1, 19 children with stage 2; in addition, 6 children with stage 3 were examined.Results. Nowadays children with CKD stage 1 are taller compared to patients of the beginning of the XXI century (Z-score: -0.14±1.43 and 0.20±0.98 respectively, p=0.01). Significant differences in weight were found in children with stage 1 in 2011-2012 compared to the patients in 2001-2002 (0.18±0.46 and 0.78±1.19 for groups 1 and 2, respectively, р=0.026). A tendency towards decrease of average height in children with stage 3 is observed compared to patients with stage 1, i.e. due to the progression of the disease.Conclusion. The data obtained reflect modern tendencies towards increase of children height and weight. No significant differences were found in physical development parameters of children with stages of chronic kidney disease 1 and 2 examined at the same time period but a tendency towards children’s height decrease from stages 1 to 3 of CKD of non-glomerular etiology was revealed.

The Effects of Cognitive and Visual Workload on Peripheral Detection in the Detection Response Task

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 855-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim van Winsum
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Theory Development ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Task Load ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Task ◽  
Stimulus Eccentricity

Objective: The independent effects of cognitive and visual load on visual Detection Response Task (vDRT) reaction times were studied in a driving simulator by performing a backwards counting task and a simple driving task that required continuous focused visual attention to the forward view of the road. The study aimed to unravel the attentional processes underlying the Detection Response Task effects. Background: The claim of previous studies that performance degradation on the vDRT is due to a general interference instead of visual tunneling was challenged in this experiment. Method: vDRT stimulus eccentricity and stimulus conspicuity were applied as within-subject factors. Results: Increased cognitive load and visual load both resulted in increased response times (RTs) on the vDRT. Cognitive load increased RT but revealed no task by stimulus eccentricity interaction. However, effects of visual load on RT showed a strong task by stimulus eccentricity interaction under conditions of low stimulus conspicuity. Also, more experienced drivers performed better on the vDRT while driving. Conclusion: This was seen as evidence for a differential effect of cognitive and visual workload. The results supported the tunnel vision model for visual workload, where the sensitivity of the peripheral visual field reduced as a function of visual load. However, the results supported the general interference model for cognitive workload. Application: This has implications for the diagnosticity of the vDRT: The pattern of results differentiated between visual task load and cognitive task load. It also has implications for theory development and workload measurement for different types of tasks.

This Is Your Brain on Autopilot: Neural Indices of Driver Workload and Engagement During Partial Vehicle Automation

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110390
Author(s):  
Amy S. McDonnell ◽  
Trent G. Simmons ◽  
Gus G. Erickson ◽  
Monika Lohani ◽  
Joel M. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Workload ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Age Cohorts ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Driver Workload ◽  
Automated Technology ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Visual Engagement ◽  
Insight Into

Objective This research explores the effect of partial vehicle automation on neural indices of mental workload and visual engagement during on-road driving. Background There is concern that the introduction of automated technology in vehicles may lead to low driver stimulation and subsequent disengagement from the driving environment. Simulator-based studies have examined the effect of automation on a driver’s cognitive state, but it is unknown how the conclusions translate to on-road driving. Electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of frontal theta and parietal alpha can provide insight into a driver’s mental workload and visual engagement while driving under various conditions. Method EEG was recorded from 71 participants while driving on the roadway. We examined two age cohorts, on two different highway configurations, in four different vehicles, with partial vehicle automation both engaged and disengaged. Results Analysis of frontal theta and parietal alpha power revealed that there was no change in mental workload or visual engagement when driving manually compared with driving under partial vehicle automation. Conclusion Drivers new to the technology remained engaged with the driving environment when operating under partial vehicle automation. These findings suggest that the concern surrounding driver disengagement under vehicle automation may need to be tempered, at least for drivers new to the experience. Application These findings expand our understanding of the effects of partial vehicle automation on drivers’ cognitive states.

Physiological Indicators of Driver Workload During Car-Following Scenarios and Takeovers in Highly Automated Driving

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vishnu Radhakrishnan ◽  
Natasha Merat ◽  
Tyron Louw ◽  
Rafael Goncalves ◽  
Wei Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Car Following ◽  
Time Headway ◽  
Driver Workload ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Vehicle Automation ◽  
Lead Vehicle

This driving simulator study, conducted as a part of Horizon2020-funded L3Pilot project, investigated how different car-following situations affected driver workload, within the context of vehicle automation. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrodermal activity (EDA)-based physiological metrics were used as objective indicators of workload, along with self-reported workload ratings. A total of 32 drivers were divided into two equal groups, based on whether they engaged in a non-driving related task (NDRT) during automation or monitored the drive. Drivers in both groups were exposed to two counterbalanced experimental drives, lasting ~18 minutes each, of Short (0.5 s) and Long (1.5 s) Time Headway conditions during automated car-following (ACF), which was followed by a takeover that happened with or without a lead vehicle. We observed that the workload on the driver due to the NDRT was significantly higher than both monitoring the drive during ACF and manual car-following (MCF). Furthermore, the results indicated that shorter THWs and the presence of a lead vehicle can significantly increase driver workload during takeover scenarios, potentially affecting the safety of the vehicle. This warrants further research into understanding safe time headway thresholds to be maintained by automated vehicles, without placing additional mental or attentional demands on the driver. To conclude, our results indicated that ECG and EDA signals are sensitive to variations in workload, and hence, warrants further investigation on the value of combining these two signals to assess driver workload in real-time, to help the system respond appropriately to the limitations of the driver and predict their performance in driving task if and when they have to resume manual control of the vehicle.

Solitaire stents deployment may reduce ischemic events in staged angioplasty for severe carotid stenosis

Vascular ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 170853812096530
Author(s):  
Chunmei You ◽  
Xiaomang Zhang ◽  
Yina Wu ◽  
Wenjing Sun ◽  
Jianan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome ◽  
Hyperperfusion Syndrome ◽  
Cerebral Hyperperfusion ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Antegrade Flow ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Group 1

Objectives Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome is a fatal complication that can occur after stent angioplasty in patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. Staged angioplasty can prevent cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. Conventional staged angioplasty consists of small balloon angioplasty in the first stage and carotid artery stenting in the second stage two to four weeks later. Sometimes, antegrade flow during stage 1 could hardly be maintained and stent will be needed. Solitaire stents were used in some patients in our center. This study aimed to examine the safety and effectiveness of Solitaire stents in staged angioplasty. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with severe carotid artery stenosis and preoperative computed tomography perfusion indicating risk of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome from 2011 to 2018. Small balloon angioplasty (<3 mm in diameter) only was performed in stage 1 (group 1). If antegrade flow during stage 1 is compromised, then a solitaire stent is deployed (group 2). After two to four weeks, cerebral angiography was undertaken in both groups to determine whether to perform stage 2. If the residual stenosis was more than 50%, carotid artery stenting was deployed. Angiographic results, clinical results, and follow-up results were collected and analyzed. Results Twenty-five patients were included in the study (group 1, n = 19; group 2, n = 6). After stage 1, no patient in group 2 and two patients in group 1 developed new symptomatic cerebral infarction (0.0% vs. 10.5%, p =  1.000). One patient in group 2 and three patients in group 1 (16.7% vs. 15.8%, p =  1.000) developed symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome. One patient in group 2 ( n = 4) and three patients in group 1 ( n = 12) (25% vs. 25%, p =  1.000) developed hyperperfusion phenomenon. Two patients in group 2 and five patients in group 1 (33.3% vs. 26.3%, p =  1.000) developed symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome or hyperperfusion phenomenon. One patient in group 1 developed symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome and hyperperfusion phenomenon. After stage 2, no new cerebral infarction occurred in both groups. No patient in group 2 ( n = 3) and one patient in group 1 ( n = 17) developed symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (0.0% vs. 5.9%, p =  1.000). In the combined analysis of both stages, two patients (10.5%) developed new symptomatic cerebral infarction and four patients (21.1%) developed symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome in group 1, no patient (0.0%) developed symptomatic cerebral infarction and one patient (16.7%) developed symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome in group 2. There was no significant difference in symptomatic cerebral infarction and symptomatic cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome between the two groups ( p = 1.000; p = 1.000). Three patients in group 2 and 17 patients in group 1 (50% vs. 89.5%, p =  0.070) underwent stage 2 angioplasty. No cerebral hemorrhage or cerebral infarction occurred in the Solitaire group during the one-year follow-up period. Conclusions Solitaire stents deployment may reduce ischemic events in staged angioplasty for severe carotid stenosis.

scholarly journals Physiological Characteristics and Nonparametric Test for Master-Slave Driving Task’s Mental Workload Evaluation in Mountain Area Highway at Night

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Haiwei Wang ◽  
Jianrong Liu ◽  
Feng You
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Driving Task

With the rapid development of advanced mobile intelligent terminals, driving tasks are diverse, and new traffic safety problems occur. We propose a new research on physiological characteristics and nonparametric tests for the master-slave driving task, especially for evaluation of drivers’ mental workload in mountain area highway in nighttime scenario. First, we establish the experimental platform based driving simulator and design the master-slave driving task. Second, based on the physiological data and subjective evaluation for mental workload, we use statistical methods to composite the physical changes evolution analysis in a driving simulator. Finally, we finished nonparametric test of the drivers’ psychological load and road test. The results show that in compassion with the daytime scenario, drivers should pay much effort to driving skills and risk identification in the nighttime scenario. Thus, in the same driving condition, drivers should bear the higher level of mental workload, and it has been subjected to even greater pressures and intensity of emotions.

Comparison of Five Mental Workload Assessment Procedures in a Moving-Base Driving Simulator

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Hicks ◽  
Walter W. Wierwille
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Cardiac Arrhythmia ◽  
Secondary Task ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Mental Workload ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Lateral Deviation ◽  
Subjective Opinion ◽  
Driving Task

Five methods of measuring mental workload (secondary task performance, visual occlusion, cardiac arrhythmia, subjective opinion rating scales, and primary task performance) were compared for sensitivity to changes in operator loading. Each was used to differentiate among low, medium, and high levels of workload defined in terms of the application point of crosswind gusts in a driving task. The driving task was produced using an automobile driving simulator with a six-degree of freedom computer generated display, a four-degree of freedom physical motion system, and a four-channel sound system. Techniques of mental workload measurement that have shown promise in previous studies were used as a between-subjects factor, and subjects were presented with a within-subject factor of wind gust placement. Gusts at the front of the vehicle represented high workload levels, and gusts toward the center of the vehicle represented progressively lower levels of workload. The results showed significant differences among workload levels for subjective opinion scales and primary performance measures of lateral deviation, yaw deviation, and steering reversals. A relative sensitivity estimate of these would be, from highest to lowest sensitivity, steering reversals and yaw deviation, rating scales, and lateral deviation. The techniques of occlusion, cardiac arrhythmia, and secondary task performance yielded no significant workload effect.

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