scholarly journals Time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257367
Author(s):  
Kosuke Takeuchi ◽  
Kazunori Akizuki ◽  
Masatoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Stretching Intensity

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching. Methods Fourteen healthy men (20.9 ± 0.7 years, 169.1 ± 7.5cm, 61.6 ± 6.5kg) received static stretching for 60 seconds at two different intensities based on the point of discomfort (100%POD and 120%POD) of each participant, in random order. To evaluate the time course of changes in the flexibility of the hamstrings, the knee extension range of motion (ROM), passive torque at end ROM, and muscle-tendon unit stiffness were measured pre-stretching, post-stretching, and at both 10 and 20 minutes after static stretching. Results For both intensities, ROM and passive torque at pre-stretching were significantly smaller than those at post-stretching (p < 0.01 in both intensities), 10 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities). The muscle-tendon unit stiffness at pre-stretching was significantly higher than that at post-stretching (p < 0.01), 10 minutes (p < 0.01), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01) only in the 120%POD, but it showed no change in the 100%POD. Conclusion The results showed that ROM and passive torque increased in both intensities, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching regardless of stretching intensity. However, the muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings decreased only after static stretching at the intensity of 120%POD, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching.

scholarly journals Association between static stretching load and changes in the flexibility of the hamstrings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Takeuchi ◽  
Kazunori Akizuki ◽  
Masatoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Before And After

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the association between static stretching load and changes in the flexibility of the hamstrings. Twelve healthy men received static stretching for 60 s at two different intensities based on the point of discomfort (100%POD and 120%POD intensity), in random order. To assess the flexibility of the hamstrings, the knee extension range of motion (ROM). Passive torque at end ROM, and muscle–tendon unit stiffness were measured before and after stretching. The static stretching load was calculated from the passive torque throughout static stretching. The knee extension ROM and passive torque at end ROM increased in both intensities (p < 0.01). The muscle–tendon unit stiffness decreased only in the 120%POD (p < 0.01). There were significant correlations between the static stretching load and the relative changes in the knee extension ROM (r = 0.56, p < 0.01) and muscle–tendon unit stiffness (r = − 0.76, p < 0.01). The results suggested that the static stretching load had significant effects on changes in the knee extension ROM and muscle–tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings, and high-intensity static stretching was useful for improving the flexibility of the hamstrings because of its high static stretching load.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Stretching Intensity and Changes in Passive Properties of Gastrocnemius Muscle-Tendon Unit after Static Stretching

Sports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Taizan Fukaya ◽  
Masatoshi Nakamura ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Flexor Muscle ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Minimum Angle ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stretching Intensity

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between relative or absolute intensity and changes in range of motion and passive stiffness after static stretching. A total of 65 healthy young adults voluntarily participated in this study and performed static stretching of the plantar flexor-muscle for 120 s. Dorsiflexion range of motion and passive torque during passive dorsiflexion before and after stretching were assessed. We measured the passive torque at a given angle when the minimum angle was recorded before and after stretching. The angle during stretching was defined as the absolute intensity. Dorsiflexion range of motion before stretching was defined as 100%, and the ratio (%) of the angle during stretching was defined as the relative intensity. A significant correlation was found between absolute intensity and change in passive torque at a given angle (r = −0.342), but relative intensity and range of motion (r = 0.444) and passive torque at dorsiflexion range of motion (r = 0.259). A higher absolute intensity of stretching might be effective in changing the passive properties of the muscle-tendon unit. In contrast, a higher relative intensity might be effective in changing the range of motion, which could be contributed by stretch tolerance.

scholarly journals Effects of Static Stretching With High-Intensity and Short-Duration or Low-Intensity and Long-Duration on Range of Motion and Muscle Stiffness

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taizan Fukaya ◽  
Ryosuke Kiyono ◽  
Shigeru Sato ◽  
Kaoru Yahata ◽  
Koki Yasaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Muscle Stiffness ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Shear Elastic Modulus ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Long Duration

This study investigated the effects of static stretching (SS) delivered with the same load but using two protocols – high-intensity and short-duration and low-intensity and long-duration – on range of motion (ROM) and muscle stiffness. A total of 18 healthy students participated in the study. They randomly performed high-intensity and short-duration (120% and 100 s) or low-intensity and long-duration (50% and 240 s) SS. Outcomes were assessed on ROM, passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM, and shear elastic modulus of the medial gastrocnemius before and after static stretching. The results showed that ROM increased significantly at post-stretching compared to that at pre-stretching in both high-intensity and short-duration [+6.1° ± 4.6° (Δ25.7 ± 19.9%)] and low-intensity and long-duration [+3.6° ± 2.3° (Δ16.0 ± 11.8%)]. Also, the ROM was significantly higher at post-stretching in high-intensity and short-duration conditions than that in low-intensity and long-duration. The passive torque at dorsiflexion ROM was significantly increased in both high-intensity and short-duration [+5.8 ± 12.8 Nm (Δ22.9 ± 40.5%)] and low-intensity and long-duration [+2.1 ± 3.4 Nm (Δ6.9 ± 10.8%)] conditions, but no significant differences were observed between both conditions. The shear elastic modulus was significantly decreased in both high-intensity and short-duration [−8.8 ± 6.1 kPa (Δ − 38.8 ± 14.5%)] and low-intensity and long-duration [−8.0 ± 12.8 kPa (Δ − 22.2 ± 33.8%)] conditions. Moreover, the relative change in shear elastic modulus in the high-intensity and short-duration SS was significantly greater than that in low-intensity and long-duration SS. Our results suggest that a higher intensity of the static stretching should be conducted to increase ROM and decrease muscle stiffness, even for a short time.

Are Rest Intervals Between Stretching Repetitions Effective to Acutely Increase Range of Motion?

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandro R. Freitas ◽  
João R. Vaz ◽  
Paula M. Bruno ◽  
Maria João Valamatos ◽  
Ricardo J. Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Rest Interval ◽  
Joint Flexibility ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Torque Angle ◽  
Rest Intervals

Static stretching with rest between repetitions is often performed to acutely increase joint flexibility.Purpose:To test the effects of the lack of resting between stretching repetitions and the minimal number of stretching repetitions required to change the maximal range of motion (ROM), maximal tolerated joint passive torque (MPT), and submaximal passive torque at a given angle (PT).Methods:Five static stretching repetitions with a 30-s rest-interval (RI) and a no-rest-interval (NRI) stretching protocol were compared. Participants (N = 47) were encouraged to perform the maximal ROM without pain in all the repetitions. Each repetition lasted 90 s. Maximal ROM, MPT, PT, and muscle activity were compared between protocols for the same number of stretching repetitions.Results:The NRI produced a higher increase in maximal ROM and MPT during and after stretching (P < .05). PT decreased in both protocols, although the NRI tended to have a lower decrement across different submaximal angles (.05 < P < .08) in the initial range of the torque-angle curve. Significant changes in maximal ROM (P < .01) and PT (P < .01) were obtained at the 3rd and 2nd repetitions of RI, respectively. The RI did not significantly increase the MPT (P = .12) after stretching; only the NRI did (P < .01).Conclusions:Lack of rest between repetitions more efficiently increased the maximal ROM and capacity to tolerate PT during and after stretching. The use of 30 s rest between repetitions potentiates the decrease in PT. Rest intervals should not be used if the aim is to acutely increase maximal ROM and peak passive torque.

The Effect of 4 Different Durations of Static Hamstring Stretching on Passive Knee-Extension Range of Motion

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Ford ◽  
Margaret A. Mazzone ◽  
Keith Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
College Age ◽  
Type Design

Design:Pretest–posttest.Objective:To determine the effect of 4 durations of static hamstring stretching on knee-extension passive range of motion (KE-PROM).Context:Effects of longer (90 and 120 seconds) static hamstring stretching on PROM have not been established relative to more typically recommended 30- or 60-second durations.Subjects:35 healthy college-age subjects with >20° loss of KE-PROM.Outcome Measure:KE-PROM.Intervention:5-week program of single daily stretch for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds.Results:Static stretching was effective in increasing KE-PROM regardless of stretch duration (P< .0001). A significant improvement was identified in mean PROM for each stretching group, but no difference existed among the 4 stretch-duration groups. The control group’s mean PROM decreased (mean = -3.2°, SD = 1.9), whereas each stretching group increased PROM (means 1.9° to 3.6°).Conclusions:Five weeks of daily static hamstring stretching for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds increase KE-PROM. Similar benefits were achieved regardless of stretch duration, suggesting that clinicians need not perform static hamstring stretches of more than 30 seconds.

scholarly journals Effect of Active Dynamic Versus Passive Static Stretching on Hamstring Muscle Tightness in Healthy Female Students: A Randomized Trial Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Heshmatipour ◽  
Azam Esfandiari ◽  
Maryam Kazemi Naeini ◽  
Mehdi Raei ◽  
Omolbanin Firoozpur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Hamstring Muscle ◽  
Dynamic Stretching ◽  
Muscle Tightness ◽  
Healthy Female

Background: For decades, static stretching has been the standard benchmark for training programs, because it has been shown to increase flexibility compared with other methods of stretching. Objective: The current study investigated and compared the effects of active dynamic stretching and passive static stretching on hamstring tightness. Methods: For this experiment, 64 female students were enrolled and randomly assigned to active dynamic or passive static stretching groups (n=32 each). The first and second experimental groups were trained with repetitive dynamic stretching and static stretching exercises, respectively. Exercises were performed 10 times per limb, 3 times per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Hamstring muscle length measurements were repeated in weeks 2 and 4. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS 15. Results: Both experimental groups showed significant improvements in the active knee extension range of motion during the intervention (P<0.001). However, active stretching showed better results and had a greater effect on range of motion in comparison with static stretching. Conclusion: Active dynamic training can be considered a suitable method for increasing the flexibility of the hamstring muscle and, consequently, reducing the complications and problems associated with hamstring tightness.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of PNF Versus Static Stretching on Increasing Hip-Flexion Range of Motion

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landon Lempke ◽  
Rebecca Wilkinson ◽  
Caitlin Murray ◽  
Justin Stanek
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Hip Flexion ◽  
Joint Range

Clinical Scenario:Stretching is applied for the purposes of injury prevention, increasing joint range of motion (ROM), and increasing muscle extensibility. Many researchers have investigated various methods and techniques to determine the most effective way to increase joint ROM and muscle extensibility. Despite the numerous studies conducted, controversy still remains within clinical practice and the literature regarding the best methods and techniques for stretching.Focused Clinical Question:Is proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching more effective than static stretching for increasing hamstring muscle extensibility through increased hip ROM or increased knee extension angle (KEA) in a physically active population?Summary of Key Findings:Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. All 5 studies were randomized control trials examining mobility of the hamstring group. The studies measured hamstring ROM in a variety of ways. Three studies measured active KEA, 1 study measured passive KEA, and 1 study measured hip ROM via the single-leg raise test. Of the 5 studies, 1 study found greater improvements using PNF over static stretching for increasing hip flexion, and the remaining 4 studies found no significant difference between PNF stretching and static stretching in increasing muscle extensibility, active KEA, or hip ROM.Clinical Bottom Line:PNF stretching was not demonstrated to be more effective at increasing hamstring extensibility compared to static stretching. The literature reviewed suggests both are effective methods for increasing hip-flexion ROM.Strength of Recommendation:Using level 2 evidence and higher, the results show both static and PNF stretching effectively increase ROM; however, one does not appear to be more effective than the other.

Static Stretching Intensity Does Not Influence Acute Range of Motion, Passive Torque, and Muscle Architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Ximenes Santos ◽  
Natália Barros Beltrão ◽  
André Luiz Torres Pirauá ◽  
João Luiz Quagliotti Durigan ◽  
David Behm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Pennation Angle ◽  
Muscle Architecture ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Passive Torque ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
Viscoelastic Stress Relaxation ◽  
Stretching Intensity ◽  
Stretching Exercises

Context: Although stretching exercises are commonly used in clinical and athletic practice, there is a lack of evidence regarding the methodological variables that guide the prescription of stretching programs, such as intensity. Objective: To investigate the acute effects of different stretching intensities on the range of motion (ROM), passive torque, and muscle architecture. Design: Two-group pretest–posttest design. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Twenty untrained men were allocated into the low- or high-intensity group. Main Outcome Measures: Subjects were evaluated for initial (ROMinitial) and maximum (ROMmax) discomfort angle, stiffness, viscoelastic stress relaxation, muscle fascicle length, and pennation angle. Results: The ROM assessments showed significant changes, in both groups, in the preintervention and postintervention measures both for the ROMinitial (P < .01) and ROMmax angle (P = .02). There were no significant differences for stiffness and viscoelastic stress relaxation variables. The pennation angle and muscle fascicle length were different between the groups, but there was no significant interaction. Conclusion: Performing stretching exercises at high or low intensity acutely promotes similar gains in flexibility, that is, there are short-term/immediate gains in ROM but does not modify passive torque and muscle architecture.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Stretching Times on Range of Motion in Patients with Hamstring Tightness: A Randomised Control Trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Halima Shoukat ◽  
Hafiz Sheraz Arshad ◽  
Faiza Sharif ◽  
Arooj Fatima ◽  
Filza Shoukat
Keyword(s):  
Knee Joint ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Randomised Control Trial ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Static Stretch ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Hamstring Flexibility

Hamstring tightness is commonest cause of altered biomechanics of ankle, knee, hip and spine. Long persistent tightness results in pain, decreased range of motion and others pathologies in knee joint. Stretching techniques are used to treat muscle tightness. In clinical settings, different stretch holding timesare used to treat hamstring tightness. The purpose of the study was to determine effects of different static stretch holding-times on hamstring muscles flexibility and their impacts on improving range of motion (ROM) of knee extension in adults. This experimental work was conducted on students of University of Lahorefrom December 2013 to March 2014. The study comprised of 60 subjects with asymptomatic tightness of hamstrings muscles and subjects were aged between 18-26 years (irrespective of their gender). Range of motion at knee joint was measured by universal goniometer before the commencement of stretching technique. Static stretching was applied to group A, B and C with 30, 60 and 90 seconds holds, respectively. Stretches were exerted at frequency of three sessions per week and three repetitions per session. Reevaluation of ROM was performed after 4 and 6 weeks. The mean values of ROM of knee extension showed gainin range after applying static stretching at 30s, 60s and 90s holding times. By applying repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), the p-values were found to be statistically significant (p<0.001) for static stretching techniques with 30s, 60s, 90s holding times, respectively. Based on these finding, it is plausible toconclude that application of static stretching at holding times of 30, 60 and 90 seconds can significantly improve the ROM of knee extension. Stretching techniques with different holding times were equally effective in improving knee extension and gaining hamstring flexibility in adults.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effects of static stretching on range of motion and jump height between quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae in collegiate basketball players

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. e000631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Takeuchi ◽  
Fumiko Tsukuda
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Vertical Jump ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Triceps Surae ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Vertical Jump Height ◽  
Collegiate Basketball

ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to compare the effects of static stretching (SS) on the range of motion and vertical jump height between the quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae in collegiate basketball players.MethodsFourteen male collegiate basketball players (20.2±0.7 years, 179.0±5.0 cm, 71.9±8.3 kg) underwent 5 min of SS for the quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae, in random order. Before and after each stretch, the range of motion (ROM) and vertical jump height were measured.ResultsROM of the quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae were increased without any difference of relative change in the range. The vertical jump height showed no change after SS of the quadriceps and hamstrings, while it decreased after SS of the triceps surae (p<0.05).ConclusionThese results suggested that SS for the triceps surae may have a large impact on jump performance.

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