Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Birth-Weight and Adult Body Mass Index

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Whitfield ◽  
Susan A. Treloar ◽  
Gu Zhu ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Bivariate Model ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Maternal Genotype ◽  
Adult Twins

AbstractBirthweight affects neonatal mortality and morbidity and has been used as a marker of foetal undernutrition in studies of prenatal effects on adult characteristics. It is potentially influenced by genetic and environmental influences on the mother, and effects of foetal genotype, which is partially derived from the maternal genotype. Interpretations of variation in birthweight and associated characteristics as being due to prenatal environment ignore other possible modes of materno-foetal transmission. Subjects were adult twins recruited through the Australian Twin Registry, aged 17 to 87 years, and the sample comprised 1820 men and 4048 women. Twins reported their own birthweight as part of a health questionnaire. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated from self-reports of height and weight. Correlations between co-twins' birthweights were high for both monozygotic (r = 0.77) and dizygotic (r = 0.67) pairs, leading to substantial estimates of shared environmental effects (56% of variance) with significant additive genetic (23%) and non-shared environmental (21%) components. Adult BMI was mainly influenced by genetic factors, both additive (36% of variance) and nonadditive (35%). The correlation between birthweight and BMI was positive, in that heavier babies became on average more obese adults. A bivariate model of birthweight and adult BMI showed significant positive genetic (rg = 0.16, p = 0.005) and environmental (re = 0.08, p = 0.000011) correlations. Intra-uterine environmental or perinatal influences shared by cotwins exercise a strong influence on birthweight, but the factors which affect both birthweight and adult BMI are partly genetic and partly non-shared environmental.

Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors Affecting Birth-Weight and Adult Body Mass Index

Twin Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Whitfield ◽  
Susan A. Treloar ◽  
Gu Zhu ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Mass Index

scholarly journals Long-term body mass index changes in overweight and obese adults and the risk of heart failure, cardiovascular disease and mortality: a cohort study of over 260,000 adults in the UK

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Iyen ◽  
Stephen Weng ◽  
Yana Vinogradova ◽  
Ralph K. Akyea ◽  
Nadeem Qureshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
World Health ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Bmi Trajectories ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Although obesity is a well-recognised risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the impact of long-term body mass index (BMI) changes in overweight or obese adults, on the risk of heart failure, CVD and mortality has not been quantified. Methods This population-based cohort study used routine UK primary care electronic health data linked to secondary care and death-registry records. We identified adults who were overweight or obese, free from CVD and who had repeated BMI measures. Using group-based trajectory modelling, we examined the BMI trajectories of these individuals and then determined incidence rates of CVD, heart failure and mortality associated with the different trajectories. Cox-proportional hazards regression determined hazards ratios for incident outcomes. Results 264,230 individuals (mean age 49.5 years (SD 12.7) and mean BMI 33.8 kg/m2 (SD 6.1)) were followed-up for a median duration of 10.9 years. Four BMI trajectories were identified, corresponding at baseline, with World Health Organisation BMI classifications for overweight, class-1, class-2 and class-3 obesity respectively. In all four groups, there was a small, stable upwards trajectory in BMI (mean BMI increase of 1.06 kg/m2 (± 3.8)). Compared with overweight individuals, class-3 obese individuals had hazards ratios (HR) of 3.26 (95% CI 2.98–3.57) for heart failure, HR of 2.72 (2.58–2.87) for all-cause mortality and HR of 3.31 (2.84–3.86) for CVD-related mortality, after adjusting for baseline demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusion The majority of adults who are overweight or obese retain their degree of overweight or obesity over the long term. Individuals with stable severe obesity experience the worst heart failure, CVD and mortality outcomes. These findings highlight the high cardiovascular toll exacted by continuing failure to tackle obesity.

Heritability of Longitudinal Measures of Body Mass Index and Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels in Aging Twins

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen L. Goode ◽  
Stacey S. Cherny ◽  
Joe C. Christian ◽  
Gail P. Jarvik ◽  
Mariza de Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Significant Contributor ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBody-mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels are known to be highly heritable. We evaluated the genetic and environmental relationships of these measures over time in an analysis of twin pairs. Monozygotic (235 pairs) and dizygotic (260 pairs) male twins were participants in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Veteran Twin Study, and were followed with three clinical exams from mean age 48 years to mean age 63 years. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with adjustment forAPOEgenotype (a significant contributor to TC and LDL-C) was used to assess longitudinal patterns of heritability. Results indicated a contribution of genetic factors to BMI, TC, LDL-C, HLD-C, and TG. Modest increases over time were observed in the heritability of BMI (from 0.48 to 0.61), TC (from 0.46 to 0.57), LDL-C (from 0.49 to 0.64), and HDL-C (from 0.50 to 0.62), but this trend was not present for TG. There was a corresponding decrease in shared environmental influences over time for these traits, although shared environment was a significant contributor only for HDL-C. Moreover, we observed that genetic influences for all measures were significantly correlated over time, and we found no evidence of age-specific genetic effects. In summary, longitudinal analyses of twin data indicate that genetic factors do not account for a significant proportion of the variation in age-related changes of BMI or lipid and lipoprotein levels.

Usual Adult Body Mass Index Is Not Predictive of Ovarian Cancer Survival

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten B. Moysich ◽  
Julie A. Baker ◽  
Ravi J. Menezes ◽  
Vijayvel Jayaprakash ◽  
Kerry J. Rodabaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Mass Index ◽  
Ovarian Cancer Survival

scholarly journals Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adult humans is not limited to muscarinic receptor agonists

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (4) ◽  
pp. H1685-H1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary P. Van Guilder ◽  
Brian L. Stauffer ◽  
Jared J. Greiner ◽  
Christopher A. DeSouza
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Sodium Nitroprusside ◽  
Muscarinic Receptor ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Receptor Agonists

Muscarinic receptor agonists have primarily been used to characterize endothelium-dependent vasodilator dysfunction with overweight/obesity. Reliance on a single class of agonist, however, yields limited, and potentially misleading, information regarding endothelial vasodilator capacity. The aims of this study were to determine 1) whether the overweight/obesity-related reduction in endothelium-dependent vasodilation extends beyond muscarinic receptor agonists and 2) whether the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) to endothelium-dependent vasodilation is reduced in overweight/obese adults. Eighty-six middle-aged and older adults were studied: 42 normal-weight (54 ± 1 yr, 21 men and 21 women, body mass index = 23.4 ± 0.3 kg/m2) and 44 overweight/obese (54 ± 1 yr, 28 men and 16 women, body mass index = 30.3 ± 0.6 kg/m2) subjects. Forearm blood flow (FBF) responses to intra-arterial infusions of acetylcholine in the absence and presence of the endothelial NO synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, methacholine, bradykinin, substance P, isoproterenol, and sodium nitroprusside were measured by strain-gauge plethysmography. FBF responses to each endothelial agonist were significantly blunted in the overweight/obese adults. Total FBF (area under the curve) to acetylcholine (50 ± 5 vs. 79 ± 4 ml/100 ml tissue), methacholine (55 ± 4 vs. 86 ± 5 ml/100 ml tissue), bradykinin (62 ± 5 vs. 85 ± 4 ml/100 ml tissue), substance P (37 ± 4 vs. 57 ± 5 ml/100 ml tissue), and isoproterenol (62 ± 4 vs. 82 ± 6 ml/100 ml tissue) were 30%-40% lower in the overweight/obese than normal-weight adults. NG-monomethyl-l-arginine significantly reduced the FBF response to acetylcholine to the same extent in both groups. There were no differences between the groups in the FBF responses to sodium nitroprusside. These results indicate that agonist-stimulated endothelium-dependent vasodilation is universally impaired with overweight/obesity. Moreover, this impairment appears to be independent of NO.

Child and Adolescent Affective and Behavioral Distress and Elevated Adult Body Mass Index

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather H. McClure ◽  
J. Mark Eddy ◽  
Jean M. Kjellstrand ◽  
J. Josh Snodgrass ◽  
Charles R. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Adult Body Mass ◽  
Adult Body ◽  
Adult Body Mass Index

scholarly journals Relationship Between Weekly Patterns of Caloric Intake and Reported Weight Loss Outcomes: Retrospective Cohort Study (Preprint)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Hill ◽  
Brian W Weir ◽  
Laura W Fuentes ◽  
Alicia Garcia-Alvarez ◽  
Danya P Anouti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Body Mass Index Category ◽  
Obese Adults ◽  
Weight Loss Outcomes ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND Although millions of overweight and obese adults use mobile phone apps for weight loss, little is known about the predictors of success. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to understand the relationship between weight loss outcomes and weekly patterns of caloric intake among overweight and obese adults using a mobile phone app for weight loss. METHODS We examined the relationship between weekly patterns of caloric intake and weight loss outcomes among adults who began using a weight loss app in January 2016 and continued consistent use for at least 5 months (N=7007). Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the predictors of percentage of bodyweight lost for women and men separately, including age, body mass index category, weight loss plan, and difference in daily calories consumed on weekend days (Saturday and Sunday) versus Monday. RESULTS In adjusted linear regression, percentage of bodyweight lost was significantly associated with age (for women), body mass index (for men), weight loss plan, and differences in daily caloric intake on Mondays versus weekend days. Compared with women consuming at least 500 calories more on weekend days than on Mondays, those who consumed 50 to 250 calories more on weekend days or those with balanced consumption (±50 calories) lost 1.64% more and 1.82% more bodyweight, respectively. Women consuming 250 to 500 calories or more than 500 calories more on Mondays than on weekend days lost 1.35% more and 3.58% more bodyweight, respectively. Compared with men consuming at least 500 calories more on weekend days than on Mondays, those consuming 250 to 500 calories or more than 500 calories more on Mondays than on weekend days lost 2.27% and 3.42% less bodyweight, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Consistent caloric intake on weekend days and Mondays or consuming slightly fewer calories per day on Mondays versus weekend days was associated with more successful weight loss. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03136692; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03136692 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6y9JvHya4)

Factors affecting body mass index of female individuals at 1 year after delivery

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
NehadAbd El Moneam Mohamed ◽  
NagwaN Hegazy ◽  
SafaaAbd El-Fatah Badr
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Factors Affecting
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