Projection of Extreme Precipitation at the end of 21st Century over South Korea based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP)

Vytautas Magnus UniversityKorea, with insufficient natural resources and a limited consumer market, began to take notice of the cultural content industry in the 21st century. This means that the cultivation of this industry has not taken place for a long time compared to Japan, the USA or Hong Kong. Yet Korea has obtained an astonishing outcome in a short time. The popular culture of South Korea, with the appellation of hallyu, boasted of an enormous strength initially in the Asian market and subsequently stretched to markets in other countries, too. Seeing that Korean cultural archetypes do not play a successful role in the cultural content business of Korea in general, the position of shamanism is truly trivial among the others. I would like to analyse and discuss the meaning, function and potential of Korean shamanism in the field of the Korean cultural content industry.

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Platformizing Webtoons: The Impact on Creative and Digital Labor in South Korea

Social Media + Society ◽

10.1177/2056305119880174 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 205630511988017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ji-Hyeon Kim ◽

Jun Yu

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

21St Century ◽

Cultural Production ◽

Cultural Industry ◽

Digital Platforms ◽

Digital Labor ◽

Neoliberal Governance ◽

Platform Technology ◽

The Impact

Despite the transformative benefits of platform technology for cultural production, critical scholars have raised vigilance against the emergence of digital platforms as a new hegemonic constellation of 21st-century capitalism, and the neoliberal governance and exploitation of labor that concomitantly intensify. Taking as a case study, the platformization of the “Webtoon” industry in South Korea, this article addresses such concerns, questioning the potentially detrimental effects of platforms on creative labor and their dominance in the market. More importantly, however, it commands wider attention to how platformization has been restructuring this particular cultural industry, and reveals that this process does not simply augment exploitation. Instead, focusing our analysis on the reconfiguration of the process of Webtoon production and the opportunities it affords for the creative labor, we illuminate the complication of relationship between the involved actors, and argue for a broader scope of inquiry that makes explicit the ramifications of platformization on cultural production.

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Projected changes in extreme precipitation events over Iran in the 21st century based on CMIP5 models

Climate Research ◽

10.3354/cr01625 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 82 ◽

pp. 75-95

Author(s):

M Darand

Keyword(s):

21St Century ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Model Simulation ◽

Climate Extremes ◽

Cmip5 Models ◽

Trend Test ◽

Extreme Precipitation Events ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Projected Changes ◽

Precipitation Events

Climate extremes have large impacts on human societies and natural ecosystems. Projection of changes in climate extremes is very important for long-term planning. The current study investigated future changes in extreme precipitation events over Iran based on 18 CMIP5 models for the period 2006-2100. National gridded data from the Asfazari database were used to evaluate climate model simulation. Results indicate that models with higher spatial resolution (CCSM4 and MRI-CGCM3) perform better than those with lower resolution in capturing the spatial features of extreme precipitation events. Bias correction was applied to the models and the projected changes were assessed with the nonparametric modified Mann-Kendal trend test and Sen slope estimator at a 95% confidence level. Annual total precipitation (PRPCTOT) and rainy days (RD) were projected to decrease but the intensity and frequency of precipitation extremes were predicted to increase significantly. The projected decreases were larger in northwestern parts than other regions, with PRPCTOT decreasing by 18 to 22 mm decade-1 and RD by 4 to 4.8 d decade-1. Although there were discrepancies in rates between the models, extreme precipitation events over Iran were generally projected to increase. An increase in consecutive dry days (CDD) was predicted for most regions by the end of the 21st century under RCP8.5, with the largest increase of 5 to 6.8 d decade-1 found for northwestern Iran. In eastern areas of Iran, where precipitation occurs extremely rarely, the number of days with daily precipitation exceeding 10 mm (R10) or even 20 mm (R20) were projected to increase significantly. In conclusion, these changes suggest an increased risk of flash floods in Iran from increased extreme precipitation under the RCP8.5 emission scenario.

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Role of Convective Precipitation in the Relationship between Subdaily Extreme Precipitation and Temperature

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-17-0075.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (23) ◽

pp. 9527-9537 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

In-Hong Park ◽

Seung-Ki Min

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Extreme Precipitation ◽

Physical Effect ◽

Convective Precipitation ◽

Statistical Effect ◽

Convective Process ◽

In Situ Observations ◽

The Relationship

On a subdaily time scale, the intensities of extreme precipitation are observed to increase with temperature at a rate exceeding water vapor constraints determined by the Clausius–Clapeyron (C-C) relationship. This so-called super C-C scaling has been suggested to occur as a result of 1) the statistical effect that involves the transition of precipitation types from stratiform to convective events and 2) the physical effect by which the convective process itself can overcome the thermodynamic limitation. This study examines these two mechanisms for the super C-C relationship using in situ observations in South Korea for a recent 35-yr period, focusing on the role of convective rainfall. Scaling results show that hourly extreme precipitation undergoes a transition from a C-C rate to a super C-C rate at around 20°C, supporting the statistical effect. The transition temperature observed in South Korea is, however, much higher than in European regions (12°C), which seems to be due to the climatologically lower frequency of convective events in South Korea than in Europe. Nevertheless, the threshold fraction of convective precipitation when the scaling transition starts to occur is found to very similar between two regions, around 0.2, indicating the important role of convective events in shaping the scaling. On the other hand, convective extreme precipitation alone exhibits a super C-C scaling, suggesting that the physical effect is also at work in South Korea. Also, the scaling shows a robust peaklike shape with maximum precipitation intensity near 24°C, which is closely linked with moisture limitation at high temperature, supporting the previous findings.

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