scholarly journals Changes in stature of Portuguese women born between 1966 and 1982, according to educational level

2012 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Eunice Conceição ◽  
Susana Garcia ◽  
Cristina Padez ◽  
Hugo Cardoso

Studies which document secular change in stature are almost exclusively based on males, while similar data on females is less common. In addition, secular trends in socioeconomic differences of height are seldomly reported. This study aims to document changes in mean stature in a sample of Portuguese women born between 1966 and 1982 (n = 30,629). For this study self-reported stature data was obtained from a large sample of women who delivered their children at the Dr. Alfredo da Costa Maternity Hospital, in Lisbon, between 1991 and 2004. Reported data on educational level was used as a proxy for socioeconomic status to assess changes in female stature in relation to their social class. Results show that female stature in the sample increases during the time period considered (mean stature: 160.8 cm in 1966 and 161.1 cm in 1982), but not consistently. In addition, women of higher educational level are systematically taller than their lower educational level counterparts (mean stature difference between highest and lowest educational level groups is 4.2 cm). Compared to males, mean stature increase in females was about 75% less. Although the time period considered is short, this study documents important socioeconomic differences in female stature and is the first to report stature changes over time in Portuguese women.

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayla Ogus Binatli

This paper investigates whether the relationship between income inequality and growth changes over time. Two time periods, covering 1970–1985 and 1985–1999, are analyzed and compared. A statistically significant relationship between inequality and growth in either time period fails to emerge. However, there are indications that effect of inequality on growth may be different in the nineties when compared to the seventies. In the literature, a consistent negative effect of inequality on growth is documented although the significance of the effect is open to debate. This paper also finds a negative effect of income inequality on growth in the seventies but, although statistically insignificant, a consistently positive effect in the nineties.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Syed Muhammad Adib Termizi Ahmad Al Jafari

Masjids symbolise purity with which it is a requirement for a mosque to be free from being owned by anyone and the sole beneficiary is for Allah the Al Mighty. However, Singapore’s needs for land and space to ensure its growth and progress as well as maintaining economy that changes over time made every mosque in Singapore to undergo a change in the lease period or dependant on the legal notice that allows the government to takeover control of the mosque at any point in time. These two issues clearly trespass the basis of beneficiary (wakaf) in Islam in which it is stated that properties that are classified as wakaf, have to be sustainable and are not bound to any conditions. As such, this paper is written to discuss on how a building, that is limited to a specific time period, can be regarded as a mosque, according to the views by scholars of Islamic law. A descriptive and inductive approach is being used in this research’s methodology to gather the scholar’s opinions, as well as their arguments. Analytical and critical approach is used to discuss their views and their arguments to find the opinion that is the closest match with the truth and suffice the needs of the Muslim community in Singapore and their interests. The result of this research shows that there is no consensus among the Islamic jurists that mosques must be built on land that is on wakaf property, which therefore validate the status of mosques in Singapore. This is achieved by using the opinions of scholars that allow mosques to be built on land that is on lease or rent as well as opinions of scholars that allow the use of mats or carpet to be used as a mosque. Keywords: Wakaf, mosque, Islamic law, wakaf property Abstrak Masjid adalah sebuah bangunan yang mempunyai kesucian, sehingga mana disyaratkan bagi sesebuah masjid hendaklah ia terlepas dari hak milik sesiapa dengan di wakafkannya hanya untuk Allah Taala. Akan tetapi keperluan Singapura terhadap tempat dan tanah untuk memastikan ia terus membangun dan maju serta dapat melaksanakan dasar ekonomi yang berasaskan perubahan dari masa ke semasa menjadikan setiap masjid yang berada di dalam pulau ini dihadkan dengan waktu atau tergantung dengan undang-undang yang membolehkan kerajaan mengambil alih masjid tersebut pada bila-bila masa. Kedua-dua pekara itu dengan jelas melanggar asas hukum wakaf yang mensyaratkan agar mana wakaf itu mestilah berkekalan dan tiada tergantung dengan sebarang syarat. Oleh yang demikian kertas kerja ini bertujuan membincangkan sejauh manakah sesebuah bangunan yang terhad dengan waktu tertentu, harus dianggap sebagai masjid pada pandangan fiqh Islami. Pendekatan deskriptif dan induktif telah diguna pakai dalam metodologi kajian ini untuk mengumpul pendapat ulama’, serta hujah-hujah mereka. Manakala pendekatan analitikal dan kritikal pula digunakan bagi membincangkan pandangan para ulama’ serta hujah-hujah mereka untuk mencari pendapat yang paling dekat dengan kebenaran serta menjaga kepentingan dan maslahat masyarakat Islam Singapura. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tiada kesepakatan di antara fuqaha bahawa masjid itu mesti didirikan di atas tanah yang diwakafkan, yang mana ini menjadikan masjid di Singapura sah dianggap sebagai masjid dengan menggunakan pendapat yang mengharuskan ia dibina di atas tanah yang disewa di samping pendapat yang mengharuskan hamparan atau tikar dijadikan sebagai masjid. Kata Kunci: Wakaf, tanah wakaf, masjid, Undang-undang Islam


Paleobiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Hee Lee ◽  
Milford H. Wolpoff

With a sample of 94 Pleistocene cranial capacities between the time period of 1.8 Ma and 50 Ka now known, we consider the evolution of cranial capacity in Homo, with the null hypothesis that the changes over time are a result of one process. We employ a new method that uses a resampling approach to address the limitations imposed on the methods of previous studies. To test the null hypothesis, we examine the distribution of changes in adjacent temporal samples and ask whether there are differences between earlier and later samples. Our analyses do not reject the hypothesis of a single process of brain size change, but they are incompatible with an interpretation of punctuated equilibrium during this period. The results of this paper are difficult to reconcile with the case for cladogenesis in the Homo lineage during the Pleistocene.


2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1697-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eero Lahelma ◽  
Olli Pietiläinen ◽  
Jane Ferrie ◽  
Mika Kivimäki ◽  
Jouni Lahti ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Komaki ◽  
Hideki Ohmomo ◽  
Tsuyoshi Hachiya ◽  
Yoichi Sutoh ◽  
Kanako Ono ◽  
...  

Abstract Background One of the fundamental assumptions of DNA methylation in clinical epigenetics is that DNA methylation status can change over time with or without interplay with environmental and clinical conditions. However, little is known about how DNA methylation status changes over time under ordinary environmental and clinical conditions. In this study, we revisited the high frequency longitudinal DNA methylation data of two Japanese males (24 time-points within three months) and characterized the longitudinal dynamics. Results The results showed that the majority of CpGs on Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip probe set were longitudinally stable over the time period of three months. Focusing on dynamic and stable CpGs extracted from datasets, dynamic CpGs were more likely to be reported as epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) markers of various traits, especially those of immune- and inflammatory-related traits; meanwhile, the stable CpGs were enriched in metabolism-related genes and were less likely to be EWAS markers, indicating that the stable CpGs are stable both in the short-term within individuals and under various environmental and clinical conditions. Conclusions This study indicates that CpGs with different stabilities are involved in different functions and traits, and thus, they are potential indicators that can be applied for clinical epigenetic studies to outline underlying mechanisms.


Author(s):  
Izabela Sowa ◽  
Jolanta Zrałek

Young consumers’ behaviors are a subject of academic interest since several decades. The purpose of this article is to indicate the changes which occurred in behaviors of young Poles during the last 10 years, to identify chosen determinants of their behaviors and to specify a way of these determinants’ influences. The basis for drawing conclusions on this topic are outcomes of field research conducted in a group of consumers aged from 14 to 19. Those research projects took place in years 2004, 2006 and 2014, and with the use of auditorium questionnaire. The main finding of the analyses is that young consumers efficiently adapt to the challenges of the modern market. Symptoms of virtualization, servitization as well as a trend connected with healthy lifestyle can be observed. Simultaneously it is hard to indicate a constant set of determinants shaping behaviors of young Poles. Only chosen factors (e.g. age or sex) affect more than one type of behavior. Other factors, like place of living or parent’s educational level, influence only single behaviors and this influence changes over time. It also happens that an influence of given factor changes its direction.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 257-258
Author(s):  
Uchechi Mitchell ◽  
Elena Graetz ◽  
Jing Wang

Abstract Despite being a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, suicidal ideation, and mortality among U.S. older adults, research on hopelessness and how it changes over time are lacking. Although hopelessness generally increases with age, levels of hopelessness may be influenced by race/ethnicity and social or economic factors. This study uses longitudinal data from 8,359 individuals from the Health and Retirement Study to examine race differences in trajectories of hopelessness from 2006 to 2018. We used linear mixed models to estimate trajectories of hopelessness for blacks, whites and Hispanics age 51 and older. The model was fit with a natural spline cubic function to model changes in time trends of hopelessness and the interaction between time and race. Models controlled for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health status, and psychosocial factors that influence hopelessness. We found that older Hispanics have the highest levels of hopelessness, followed by non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites. Trajectories of hopelessness were non-linear and differed by race. For older whites, hopelessness increased from 2006-2010 and then decreased until 2018. For older blacks, it decreased the entire time period but did so at a decreasing rate; and, for older Hispanics, hopelessness decreased from 2006-2012 and then increased thereafter. Our study shows that hopelessness generally decreased over time among older adults between 2006 and 2018 in race-specific ways, despite generally increasing with age. These findings suggest that race, age and period effects differentially influence trajectories of hopelessness. Factors contributing to these differences may be related to concurrent social and economic conditions.


Author(s):  
Charlotte de Vries ◽  
Christopher J. Garneau ◽  
Gopal Nadadur ◽  
Matthew B. Parkinson

In products designed for human variability, the anthropometry (body measurements) of the target user population constitutes a primary source of variability that must be considered in the optimization of the spatial dimensions of the product. Accommodation, which describes the ability of a user to interact with a device or environment in their preferred manner, is a key measure of its performance. Other studies have considered various methods for accounting for the variability in anthropometry in a target user population to calculate estimated accommodation, but few have explicitly considered the effects of secular trends and demographic changes over time. This paper considers these changes in the context of a case study involving truck drivers and cab geometry. The truck driver populations are used to illustrate changes in body size and shape over a 30-year period and show how they affect user acceptability of designs. Changes in the gender split of the driver population are also considered, and are shown to have a significant effect on accommodation. The work demonstrates that secular trends and demographic changes over time significantly affect accommodation, but a well designed product will be more robust to these changes.


2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Szklo ◽  
Roberto Iglesias ◽  
Mirian de Souza ◽  
Moyses Szklo ◽  
Liz Maria de Almeida

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