scholarly journals Political correctness and the right to free speech: the case of preferred pronouns

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-145
Author(s):  
Pablo De Lora
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Political Correctness ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Trans People ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Right

In this paper I argue for the general duty to refer to transgender people by their preferred pronouns when they are conventional. In the case of non-conventional, tailor-made pronouns, there is no such duty because those so-called “designated pronouns” are not actually functional pronouns. Last, but not least, even though there is a duty of civility to use the designated name and conventional pronoun of trans-people, individuals retain the right to speak out their belief in that sex and gender are biological facts, and thus, the right to state in reference to a transwoman: “She is not a woman”.    

The politics of gender transitioning in Italy

Modern Italy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Garosi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Transition ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Social Standards ◽  
Social Authority ◽  
Trans People ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Formal Recognition

In Western societies the sex–gender binary informs individual experiences of gender transitioning. As with every passage of status, gender transition is regulated by formal and social norms aimed at re-establishing the ‘proper’ correspondence between sex and gender. In Italy, national legislation regulates the formal process of transforming one's gender, identifying medical science as the ‘proper’ social authority to manage gender transitioning in society. Only trans people who conform to social standards of sexual ‘normality’ are allowed to officially change their gender. However, in everyday life, alternative modes of gender transitioning exist and constitute a solid foundation to claim formal recognition by the State. This study is based on a qualitative sociological investigation of the process of gender transitioning in Italy that was carried out in Turin between 2008 and 2010.

scholarly journals TheZenne: Male Belly Dancers and Queer Modernity in Contemporary Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOANNA MANSBRIDGE
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
First Century ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Trans People ◽  
Turkish Culture ◽  
Belly Dancing ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores the history and contemporary revival of male belly dancers –zenneorköçek– in Turkey and in cities with large Turkish populations, such as Berlin. What does the current revival of male belly dancing tell us about the relationship between modern ideologies of sex and gender and narratives of modernity as they have taken shape in Turkey? Thezennedancer embodies the contradictions of contemporary Turkish culture, which includes a variety of same-sex practices, along with sexual taxonomies that have developed in collusion with discourses of modernity. The revival ofzennedancing can be seen as part of a series of global transformations in the visibility of gay, lesbian, and trans people in popular culture and public discourse. However, it is also an unpredicted consequence of the Justice and Development Party's (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, AKP) purposeful revival and romanticization of Turkey's Ottoman past, which has been ahistorically remembered as more pious than the present. Re-emerging in the twenty-first century as an embodiment of competing definitions of sexuality and modernity in contemporary Turkey, precisely at a moment when Turkish national identity is a hotly contested issue, thezennedancer is queer ghost, returning to haunt (and seduce) the present.

scholarly journals Lesbian in Adolescents and Prevention by Counselors

10.32698/0581 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fira Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Adolescent Relationships ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Deviant Sexual Behavior

Lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people or abbreviated as LGBT have targets starting in their teens. Teenagers are expected to have found sexual orientation and sex roles according to their sex. The emergence of comfort with peers reinforces the urge to be a lesbian. The importance of prevention to avoid the risk of deviant sexual behavior. This type of research is quantitative descriptive with self-identification instrument. The total sample of 183 boarding schoolgirls obtained through purposive sampling. The results of processing instruments found 39.9% or as many as 73 students in the category were experiencing a tendency to behave lesbians. It can be interpreted that adolescents are still in a position to find identity and confusion to determine their identity so that they can still be influenced by lesbian behavior. As for prevention that can be done by the counselor is to provide information services with materials that fit the needs of adolescents, namely adolescent girls' adolescence, recognize the growth and development of adolescents, differentiate sex and gender between men and women, limit adolescent relationships over the dangers of lesbi behavior. The service material is expected to prevent the occurrence of deviant sexual behavior, namely lesbi.

scholarly journals Giving Oral Expression “Free Rein”: Implications for Diversity of University Hate Speech Code

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Tim A. Pilgrim
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Political Correctness ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
Speech Code ◽  
University Campus ◽  
Oral Expression ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University

This paper uses history, law, and First Amendment theory to examine the concepts of political correctness, free speech, and hate speech in a search for a solution of how best to deal with hate speech incidents that occur in the university campus community. The paper notes the American tendency toward tyranny of the majority as noted by Alexis de Tocqueville in the 1830s and then proceeds to examine the double-edged sword of free speech. By guaranteeing freedom of speech we promote the right to shout down ethnic and other minority groups; by providing penalties against those who use it to shout others down we make society less free. This paper suggests a different answer: promote more speech expressed in community meetings conducted in an atmosphere that is safe and encouraging for all to express their views.

scholarly journals RESPONSE: SEX & GENDER DIVERSITY, AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LEGAL IDENTIFICATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Legal Identification ◽  
Insight Into

This comment expands on three key issues raised by the argument put forward in on the article by Ashleigh Bagshaw in this volume entitled ‘Exploring the Implications of Gender Identification for Transgender People under Australian Law’. It points out that sex and gender diversity goes beyond transsexualism and explores the need to factor this insight into any future legal developments. It notes that the implications of any change to marriage law could be profound for sex and gender diverse people, and considers how change should best proceed. It concludes that the debates about the fine detail of legal regulation in this area beg the question of whether law should even be in the business of identifying and recording people’s sex/gender in the first place.

Categorical and gradational: alternative survey measures of sex and gender

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliya Saperstein ◽  
Laurel Westbrook
Keyword(s):  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Categorical Approach ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Binary Approach ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Single Question ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Fluid Characteristics

Demands for recognition of gender diversity and transgender people are growing. We tested non-binary sex and gender measures using nationally representative samples of US adults to assess feasibility for general population surveys. We find more support for a two-step categorical approach, with separate questions about natal sex and gender identity, than for a single question assessing transgender status as the latter was less reliable within our online surveys and over time. We also consider the challenge of determining measurement reliability for fluid characteristics and argue that using categorical and gradational gender measures in combination should become standard practice.<br /><br />Key messages<br /><ul><li>Gender measurement must expand beyond a categorical binary to better reflect gender diversity.</li><br /><li>We demonstrate the utility of a two-step, non-binary approach on representative samples of US adults.</li><br /><li>Our results do not support using a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ question to ask if respondents are transgender.</li></ul>

scholarly journals Social representations of sex and gender among trans people

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Alonso Caravaca Morera ◽  
Maria Itayra Padilha
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Social Constructions ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Trans People ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Cognitive Construct

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the social representations of sex and gender among transsexual people, through their life histories. Method: Qualitative, multicenter and descriptive research. The participants were 70 transsexuals from Brazil and Costa Rica. Data were analyzed according to the technique of Content Analysis. Results: Two complementary representations related to sex were identified: “Sex as a natural categorical imposition sealed and acquired (irremediably) at birth” and “Sex as an element that labels, condemns and differentiates people.” Regarding gender, a single representation was associated with “synthetic-social constructions associated with (necro/bio) power, cisnormativity and culture.” Final considerations: The former absolute division of gender as social construction and of sex as considered as natural must be questioned in order to analyze both concepts as an interconnected dyad. In addition, it should be recognized that this dyad presents itself as an organizational and cognitive construct, mediated by the still prevalent cispatriarchal (necro/bio) power.

scholarly journals Transitar: cuerpo y resistencia. Una mirada micropolítica a la experiencia trans

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-209
Author(s):  
Jhon Fernando Jaramillo Taborda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Life Story ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
Trans People ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ways Of Being

The expression “There is nothing more political than the tits of a transgender” shows a politicization of the body; an act of rebellion and resistance that oversteps the traditionally established social order. This exercise is guided by the life story of a transfeminist, Ana Lu Laferal, and an indigenous trans woman, Geraldín, who based on their personal experience will help us understand the following: What happens when individuals distance themselves from the heterosexual hegemonic ideal of the body that has been defined by certain biological characteristics? Is the body a tool of political agency for transgender people? All this seeks to understand how trans people configure subjectivity and the capacity of political agency —from the empowerment of their body and the use of this tool— as a first scenario of resistance. One of the strategies deployed to show the trans experience is the use of a comprehensive language, which becomes a tool to acknowledge other ways of being and defend the right to self-recognition. In short, this work studies other political forms that are constituted from otherness, subjectivity, and individuality, in which the body is used as a means and an end.

scholarly journals Trans Laws and Constitutional Rulings in Belgium: The Ambiguous Relations between Sex and Gender

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-252
Author(s):  
Petra Meier ◽  
Joz Motmans
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Gender Recognition ◽  
Court Ruling ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Trans People ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
And Gender

In this article we reflect upon the evolution from the Belgian trans law of 2007 to those of 2017 and beyond, giving adult citizens the possibility to have their self-determined gender legally recognised. The 2019 ruling of the Belgian Constitutional Court, condemning the Belgian State for being discriminatory against gender fluid and gender non-binary persons regarding their legal gender recognition, requires the Belgian government to either add a third legal option or to abolish gender registration altogether. We analyse the definitions of sex and gender that underlie the two trans laws of 2007 and 2017 and the Constitutional Court ruling of 2019 and then confront them with the experiences of trans people based on a national transgender survey (Motmans, Wyverkens, &amp; Defreyne, 2017). The confrontation between legal texts and lived experiences clearly shows the promises and pitfalls states face when striving for gender recognition procedures.

Trans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quinn Eades
Keyword(s):  
Queer Theory ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Trans People ◽  
Sex And Sexuality ◽  
The Media ◽  
And Gender

Emerging from feminist and queer theory, trans theory asks us to challenge essentialist and heteronormative understandings of gender, sex, and sexuality. Trans theory teaches us to critique essentialist and binary models of embodiment by attending to and centering the body in theory and in the world. In the early 21st century, trans people are more visible than we have ever been. There is an increasing appetite from “mainstream” readers for trans memoir, larger numbers of trans characters on screen and in the media, and out trans people now hold high-ranking political positions, teach in schools and universities, and act on stage and screen. Rather than the demand for trans stories being driven by scopophilia, curiosity, or voyeurism, it appears that there is a desire to genuinely understand trans lives, bodies, and lived experiences. Visibility comes with a price though, and we must be wary of tracing a simplistic progress narrative in relation to trans and gender diverse people and communities. When we appear in public, we gather our own communities, as well as allies and sympathizers, but these appearances also make us vulnerable to those who still fiercely deny our right to exist—the Vatican City’s thirty-one page statement discussing gender theory in education (2019), where we are told that trans people are “annihilating nature,” is a perfect example of this. While the term “trans” (more often than not) refers to transgender people, it is also a prefix that means “across”; trans denotes movement, going from one to the other, and change. Because we can find trans people across all times, places, and populations, we can also trace a complex, rich, and ever-expanding archive of trans writing, histories, and stories. It is through troubling the idea that trans people are a “modern” invention, that we are the living embodiment of political correctness gone mad, that we can begin to find each other in text, gather together, and work toward making significant social, political, and cultural change.

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