scholarly journals Clustering and spatial heterogeneity of bovine tuberculosis at the livestock/wildlife interface areas in Namwala District of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-488
Author(s):  
Novan Fully Proud Tembo ◽  
John Bwalya Muma ◽  
Bernard Hang'ombe ◽  
Musso Munyeme
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Interface Area ◽  
Southern Province ◽  
Trace Back ◽  
Kafue Lechwe ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Reservoir Hosts

Background and Aim: Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains a major public health issue in Zambia and has been exacerbated by human immunodeficiency virus prevalence and consumption of unpasteurized milk in the Southern Province of the country. The prevalence of bTB has been established to be linked to Kafue Lechwe, which act as reservoir hosts and share grazing fields with domestic cattle. No studies have so far used geographic information system (GIS) to investigate the relationship between the reservoir hosts (Kafue Lechwe) and domestic animals. This study, therefore, aimed to apply GIS to investigate the spatial distribution of bTB in Namwala District of the Southern Province of the country. Materials and Methods: To investigate the spatial distribution of bTB, geographical positioning system (GPS) coordinates representing 96 cattle herds across 20 independent villages were captured alongside risk factor data. The 96 herds were based on abattoir reports of condemned carcasses and a trace back. Positive herds were confirmed by cross-reference to purified protein derivative tests conducted by the District Veterinary Office. The GPS coordinates were transferred into ArcView 3.2 and laid on the map of Namwala District alongside physical features, including national parks, game management areas, and flood plains. Questionnaires were administered across 96 independent households to assess risk factors of bTB transmission. Results: The results revealed a "clustered" spatial distribution of the disease in cattle in Namwala District of Zambia, particularly significant in the eastern interface areas of the district (p=0.006 using Moran's I). Abattoir to production area trace back revealed a herd-level prevalence of 36.4% (95% CI=26.7-46.3%) among cattle herds in Namwala District, whereas individual animal prevalence ranged from 0% to 14% (95% CI=2.4-26.2%). Further, GPS data indicated that the majority of the positive herds were located at the livestock/wildlife interface area. Contacts with wildlife, coupled with sharing grazing, and watering points were found to be significant risk factors for bTB transmission. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the presence of bTB in cattle and associated spatial risk factors. In particular, bTB was observed to be a function of animal location within the livestock/wildlife interface area. GIS is thus an applicable and important tool in studying disease distribution.

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis and its risk factors among dairy cattle herds in and around Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Nuru ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo ◽  
Leakemariam Teshome ◽  
Aboma Zewdie ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Cattle Herds

Herd-level risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in French cattle herds

2016 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Marsot ◽  
Marina Béral ◽  
Axelle Scoizec ◽  
Yoann Mathevon ◽  
Benoit Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Cattle Herds

scholarly journals The variable prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among dairy herds in Central Ethiopia provides opportunities for targeted intervention

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254091
Author(s):  
Gizat Almaw ◽  
Andrew J. K. Conlan ◽  
Gobena Ameni ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Alemseged Alemu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
P Value ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
High Prevalence

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease for dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Previous prevalence studies of bTB in the dairy sector in central Ethiopia have suggested high prevalence, however, they have been limited to relatively small scale surveys, raising concerns about their representativeness. Here we carried out a cross sectional one-stage cluster sampling survey taking the dairy herd as a cluster to estimate the prevalence of bTB in dairy farms in six areas of central Ethiopia. The survey, which to date is by far the largest in the area in terms of the number of dairy farms, study areas and risk factors explored, took place from March 2016 to May 2017. This study combined tuberculin skin testing and the collection of additional herd and animal level data by questionnaire to identify potential risk factors contributing to bTB transmission. We applied the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test using >4mm cut-off for considering an individual animal as positive for bTB; at least one reactor animal was required for a herd to be considered bTB positive. Two hundred ninety-nine dairy herds in the six study areas were randomly selected, from which 5,675 cattle were tested. The overall prevalence of bTB after standardisation for herd-size in the population was 54.4% (95% CI 48.7–60%) at the herd level, and it was 24.5% (95% CI 23.3–25.8) at the individual animal level. A Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with herd and area as random effect was used to explore risk factors association with bTB status. We found that herd size, age, bTB history at farm, and breed were significant risk factors for animals to be SICCT positive. Animals from large herds had 8.3 times the odds of being tuberculin reactor (OR: 8.3, p-value:0.008) as compared to animals from small herds. The effect of age was strongest for animals 8–10 years of age (the oldest category) having 8.9 times the odds of being tuberculin reactors (OR: 8.9, p-value:<0.001) compared to the youngest category. The other identified significant risk factors were bTB history at farm (OR: 5.2, p-value:0.003) and cattle breed (OR: 2.5, p-value: 0.032). Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of bTB in central Ethiopia but with a large variation in within-herd prevalence between herds, findings that lays an important foundation for the future development of control strategies.

scholarly journals Risk factors for herd breakdown with bovine tuberculosis in 148 cattle herds in the south west of England

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Ramírez-Villaescusa ◽  
G.F. Medley ◽  
S. Mason ◽  
L.E. Green
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
The South ◽  
South West ◽  
Cattle Herds

scholarly journals Principal Risk of Peritumoral Edema After Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Intracranial Meningioma Is Tumor-Brain Contact Interface Area

Neurosurgery ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongsheng Cai ◽  
Gene H. Barnett ◽  
Eric Novak ◽  
Samuel T. Chao ◽  
John H. Suh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Stereotactic Radiosurgery ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Intracranial Meningioma ◽  
Peritumoral Edema ◽  
Contact Interface ◽  
Interface Area ◽  
Previous Surgery

Abstract OBJECTIVE Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of meningiomas is associated with posttreatment peritumoral edema (PTE). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of post-SRS PTE for intracranial meningiomas. METHODS A total of 163 patients with 182 meningiomas treated with SRS were retrospectively reviewed. Tumors were divided into 4 pre-SRS groups according to whether they had undergone previous surgery and whether they had preexisting PTE. Several risk factors were investigated by univariate and multivariate analysis in all tumors, tumors without previous surgery, tumors without preexisting PTE, and preexisting PTE. RESULTS Of 182 tumors, 45 (24.7%) developed post-SRS PTE. Compared with tumors without preexisting PTE, the odds of developing post-SRS PTE in tumors with preexisting PTE were 6.0 times higher in all tumors, and 6.9 times higher in tumors without previous surgery. A 1-cm2 increase in tumor-brain contact interface area increased the odds of developing post-SRS PTE by 17% in all tumors, 16% in tumors without previous surgery, and 26% in tumors without preexisting PTE. Of 118 tumors without previous surgery, 13 had preexisting PTE, the existence of which had a significant relationship to both tumor-brain contact interface area and tumor volume. CONCLUSION Post-SRS PTE is common in patients with meningioma. Tumor-brain contact interface area and preexisting PTE were the most significant risk factors for post-SRS PTE. Tumor volume and tumor-brain contact interface area were significant risk factors for the development of preexisting PTE.

Farm-scale risk factors for bovine tuberculosis incidence in cattle herds during the Randomized Badger Culling Trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. MILL ◽  
S. P. RUSHTON ◽  
M. D. F. SHIRLEY ◽  
A. W. A. MURRAY ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYWe analysed the incidence of cattle herd breakdowns due to bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in relation to experimental badger culling, badger populations and farm characteristics during the Randomized Badger Culling Trial (RBCT). Mixed modelling and event history analysis were used to examine the individual risk factors. The interdependencies of covariates were examined using structural equation modelling. There were consistent findings among the different analyses demonstrating that during a badger culling programme farms experiencing: reactive culling, larger herd sizes, larger holdings and holdings with multiple parcels of land were all at greater risk of a herd breakdown. Proactive culling reduced risks within the culling area, but we did not assess any potential effects in the periphery of the treatment area. Badger-related variables measured prior to the start of culling (number of social groups and length of badger territorial boundaries) did not consistently point to an increase in risk, when set against a background of ongoing badger culling. This could be because (1) the collected variables were not important to risk in cattle, or (2) there were insufficient data to demonstrate their importance. Our findings highlight the difficulty in identifying simple predictors of spatial variation in transmission risks from badger populations and the consequent challenge of tailoring management actions to any such field data.

scholarly journals Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Spatial distribution and environmental risk factors in the state of Pará, Brazilian Eastern Amazon

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 939-944
Author(s):  
Nelson Veiga Gonçalves ◽  
Claudia do Socorro Carvalho Miranda ◽  
Rodrigo Junior Farias da Costa ◽  
Juan Andrade Guedes ◽  
Erica Silva de Souza Matsumura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
The State

Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infectious disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies and is considered a great environmental and public health problem. Thus, this work presents initial results of the analyses about the relationship between the spatial distribution of this disease and its environmental risk factors in three municipalities, in the state of Pará, Brazil, from 2012 to 2016. Methodology: It was used data from the Ministry of Health, the National Institute for Space Research and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The statistical and spacial analysis of the variables were done using G-test goodness-of-fit, kernel interpolation technique and the Bivariate Global Moran Index (I). Results: The analyses showed that the most affected individuals were males, adults, low schooling, residents in rural areas and small farmers. The disease spatial distribution was not homogeneous in the municipalities and it was associated to different relationships between the land use and occupation and the notificated cases density, with direct spatial autocorrelation. Conclusions: The deforestation was the most significant risk factor linked to the cases occurrence in all the studied area. We emphasize the need of intensification of epidemiological and environmental surveillance actions in the studied areas.

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