Farm-scale risk factors for bovine tuberculosis incidence in cattle herds during the Randomized Badger Culling Trial

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. MILL ◽  
S. P. RUSHTON ◽  
M. D. F. SHIRLEY ◽  
A. W. A. MURRAY ◽  
G. C. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Badger Culling ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Individual

SUMMARYWe analysed the incidence of cattle herd breakdowns due to bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) in relation to experimental badger culling, badger populations and farm characteristics during the Randomized Badger Culling Trial (RBCT). Mixed modelling and event history analysis were used to examine the individual risk factors. The interdependencies of covariates were examined using structural equation modelling. There were consistent findings among the different analyses demonstrating that during a badger culling programme farms experiencing: reactive culling, larger herd sizes, larger holdings and holdings with multiple parcels of land were all at greater risk of a herd breakdown. Proactive culling reduced risks within the culling area, but we did not assess any potential effects in the periphery of the treatment area. Badger-related variables measured prior to the start of culling (number of social groups and length of badger territorial boundaries) did not consistently point to an increase in risk, when set against a background of ongoing badger culling. This could be because (1) the collected variables were not important to risk in cattle, or (2) there were insufficient data to demonstrate their importance. Our findings highlight the difficulty in identifying simple predictors of spatial variation in transmission risks from badger populations and the consequent challenge of tailoring management actions to any such field data.

How Community and Individual Risk Factors Mutually Impact Youth’s Perceived Safety: A Syndemic Analysis Using Structural Equation Modeling

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110283
Author(s):  
Yingwei Yang ◽  
Karen D. Liller ◽  
Martha Coulter ◽  
Abraham Salinas-Miranda ◽  
Dinorah Martinez Tyson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Latent Factor ◽  
Community Factors ◽  
Individual Risk Factors ◽  
Syndemic Theory

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mutual impact of community and individual factors on youth’s perceptions of community safety, using structural equation modeling (SEM) conceptualized by syndemic theory. This study used survey data collected from a county wide sample of middle and high school students (N=25,147) in West Central Florida in 2015. The outcome variable was youth’s perceptions of community safety. Predictors were latent individual and community factors constructed from 14 observed variables including gun accessibility, substance use, depressive symptoms, and multiple neighborhood disadvantage questions. Three structural equation models were conceptualized based on syndemic theory and analyzed in Mplus 8 using weighted least squares (WLS) estimation. Each model’s goodness of fit was assessed. Approximately seven percent of youth reported feeling unsafe in their community. After model modifications, the final model showed a good fit of the data and adhered to the theoretical assumption. In the final SEM model, an individual latent factor was implied by individual predictors measuring gun accessibility without adult’s permission (β=0.70), sadness and hopelessness (β=0.52), alcohol use (β=0.79), marijuana use (β=0.94), and illegal drug use (β=0.77). Meanwhile, a community latent factor was indicated by multiple community problems including public drinking (β=0.88), drug addiction (β=0.96), drug selling (β=0.97), lack of money (β=0.83), gang activities (β=0.90), litter and trash (β=0.79), graffiti (β=0.91), deserted houses (β=0.86), and shootings (β=0.93). A second-order syndemic factor that represented the individual and community factors showed a very strong negative association with youth’s safe perception (β=-0.98). This study indicates that individual risk factors and disadvantaged community conditions interacted with each other and mutually affected youth’s perceptions of community safety. To reduce these co-occurring effects and improve safe perceptions among youth, researchers and practitioners should develop and implement comprehensive strategies targeting both individual and community factors.

scholarly journals A Critical Analysis of Risk Factors for Selected Tropical Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faith-Michael Uzoka ◽  
Christie Akwaowo ◽  
Chinyere Nwafor Okoli ◽  
Victory Ekpin ◽  
Chukwudi Nwokoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the impacts of different (non-clinical) risk factors on the populations’ predisposition to tropical diseases specifically Malaria, yellow fever, typhoid fever, chicken pox, measles, hepatitis B and UTI.Subject and Methods: Data for this study was obtained through patient diagnosis forms, distributed to physicians in Nigeria. A total of 2199 patient consultation forms were returned by 102 (out of 125) physicians, and considered useful for analysis. Demographic data of patients, physicians, and diagnosis outcomes were analysed descriptively through frequency distributions, aggregate analysis, and graphs, while the influence of risk factors on the disease manifestations (diagnosis outcomes) were determined using regression analysis.Results: Findings from our study demonstrated that the difficulty in diagnosing tropical disease was associated with significant increase in morbidity and mortality especially in patients with malaria, UTI and typhoid fever. Factors such as contact with an infected person and poor personal hygiene posed significant risk, while urbanization and homelessness, posed very low risks across all the diseases. Conclusion: The risk factors identified in our study exert differential and discriminating influences in the causation, predisposition, and transmission of these conditions, understanding the individual risk factors for each condition have significant socio-economic implications for people living in tropical and endemic regions, especially with respect to management and prevention of these conditions.

scholarly journals Risk in the scope of research and innovative technological projects

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Rafał Hubicki ◽  
Maria Richert ◽  
Piotr Łebkowski ◽  
Joanna Kulczycka ◽  
Asja Mrotzek-Bloess
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Fruitful Cooperation ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Risk Categories ◽  
Management Of Risk

Assessment and management of risk constitute the subject of many researches. Nevertheless, many more specific factors are applicable during the implementation of innovative technological projects. On the article identified risk factors, which have been supplemented, systematized and assigned to the individual risk categories. The risk assessment methods for R&D projects have been analysed, as well as the risk sheets have been developed for the R&D project through the use of dotProject application. Also shown that networking and clustering is a change for fruitful cooperation within difference EU projects, which create trust between business and sciences and reduce the risk.

scholarly journals Bovine tuberculosis and its risk factors among dairy cattle herds in and around Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar Nuru ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo ◽  
Leakemariam Teshome ◽  
Aboma Zewdie ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Cattle Herds

RA09.07: SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF EARLY ESOPHAGEAL CANCER BASED ON LYMPH NODE METASTASIS RISK.

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 41-41
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Duan ◽  
Zhentao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Node Dissection ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Node Dissection ◽  
Early Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Node Metastasis ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Esophagectomy and lymph node dissection is still the main treatment for esophageal cancer. Endoscopic mucosal resection and submucosal dissection are increasingly becoming a treatment of choice to preserve the integrity of the esophagus and decrease the surgical trauma in early esophageal cancer. However, lymph node metastasos (LNM) risk is still a debate focus for the decision of treatment selection. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence, pattern and risk factors of LNM in early stage esophageal cancer to improve surgical treatment allocation. Methods We identified patients with pathological T1 stage esophageal cancer who underwent esophagectomy and lymph node dissection. The pattern of LNM was analyzed and the risk factors related to LNM were assessed by univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis.The nomogram model was used to estimate the individual risk of lymph node metastasis. Results In 143 patients, LNM rates were: all patients 17.5%, T1a 8.0%, and T1b 22.5% for T1b. Depth of tumor infiltration (P < 0.05), tumor size (P < 0.01), tumor location (P < 0.05), and tumor differentiation (P < 0.01) were independent risk factors related to LNM. These four parameters allowed the compilation of a nomogram to estimate the individual risk of LNM. Fig. Nomogram to estimate the individual risk of LNM. Each characteristic of the included parameters scores a specific number of points (points per parameter). The summarized total points score indicates the probability of LNM. For a middle esophageal cancer with middle differentiated (G2), 3 cm tumor (> 2.5cm) that invades the submucosa (pT1b), the calculated total scores is 129.5 = 87.5 + 21 + 0 + 21, hence the corresponding LNM risk is 20%. Conclusion T1 esophageal cancer has a relatively high LNM rate, and the depth of tumor infiltration, tumor size, tumor location and tumor differentiation are correlated with LNM. Nomograms that include factors can be used to predict individual LNM risk. The LNM risk and extent must be considered comprehensively in decision-making of a better surgical treatment and lymph node dissection strategy. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

scholarly journals Individual and Environmental Factors Associated with Recurrent Falls in Elderly Patients Hospitalized after Falls

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2441
Author(s):  
Hai Minh Vu ◽  
Long Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen ◽  
Giang Thu Vu ◽  
Cuong Tat Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Recurrent Falls ◽  
The Individual

Falls and recurrent falls cause great health and social consequences in older people. However, these problems are poorly understood in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was performed at seven hospitals in Thai Binh province, Vietnam, to investigate the individual and environmental factors associated with recurrent falls among elderly patients hospitalized due to fall injuries in Vietnam. A history of recurrent falls within the last 12 months, sociodemographic, health, and clinical characteristics, as well as environmental conditions, were obtained via self-reported interviews. Multivariate logistic and Poisson regression models were used to identify associated factors. Overall, the mean fall episodes in the last 12 months were 1.8 (Standard deviation—SD = 1.2) episodes, and the 12-month prevalence of recurrent falls was 40.5%. The individual risk factors included not receiving fall prevention guidelines, walking with devices, loss of sensation in hand or foot, and using pain relief medications. The environmental risk factors comprised having too-high stairs and not having dry, clean, and nonslippery bathrooms. This study highlights a significantly high 12-month prevalence of recurrent falls in older patients hospitalized after falls in Vietnam. Moreover, regular assessments of functional disabilities and hazardous environmental conditions, as well as the provision of prevention programs, have potential to prevent falls and recurrent falls.

Herd-level risk factors for bovine tuberculosis in French cattle herds

2016 ◽  
Vol 131 ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Marsot ◽  
Marina Béral ◽  
Axelle Scoizec ◽  
Yoann Mathevon ◽  
Benoit Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Herd Level ◽  
Cattle Herds

scholarly journals METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO EVALUATION AND PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL RISK TO HEALTH UNDER THE EXPOSURE TO A COMPLEX OF DIFFERENT FACTORS FOR TASKS OF PERSONALIZED PROPHYLAXIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-43
Author(s):  
Marina A. Zemlyanova ◽  
N. V. Zaytseva ◽  
D. A. Kiryanov ◽  
O. Yu. Ustinova
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Model Library ◽  
Genetic Status ◽  
Somatic Status ◽  
The Individual

Methodical approaches to the assessment and prediction of the individual risk for the development of diseases associated with the effect of a complex of heterogeneous factors, taking into account the features of the genetic and somatic status of the individual for the tasks of personalized prevention, are suggested. The conceptual basis of the methodology is the presentation of the individual risk for diseases as a quantity that varies with time depending on the level and duration of the exposure of the acting factors (evolution), with respect to the contribution of natural causes. There is presented a model describing the evolution of individual risk, which takes into account a complex system of dependencies of the indices of the body’s somatic state and genetic status on the variable exposure of factors. To assess the value of the individual risk, there are proposed a scale and a system of criteria for the assessment of the likelihood of the development of the disease with taking account of its severity. The established value of the individual risk in relation to a specific disease determines the list, scope and sequence of measures for the personalized prevention, and is also a measure of their effectiveness. A large-scale epidemiological study of the population (about 10 thousand people) from 12 regions of the Russian Federation was executed. There was obtained a system of dependencies which reflects the cause-effect relationships between indices characterizing the factors of habitat and lifestyle, the body’s somatic and genetic status (more than 500 indices), the probability of diseases associated with risk factors (about 20 nosological forms). There was created a special replenished information resource «Model Library» has been created, including parameters of more than 4 thousand adequate and reliable dependencies of cause-effect relationships, revealed by relying upon the results of own epidemiological studies and analysis of domestic and foreign scientific publications. An algorithm for the estimation and prediction the individual risk has been developed for the formation of personalized prevention programs aimed at its reducing. The algorithm is implemented in the form of an information and analytical system that can be used as a tool for making managerial decisions in the field of personalized prevention of diseases associated with risk factors at the group and population levels.

scholarly journals A behavioral economic risk aversion experiment in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245261
Author(s):  
Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon ◽  
Thiago Wendt Viola ◽  
Lucas Poitevin Bandinelli ◽  
Sayra Catalina Coral Castro ◽  
Christian Haag Kristensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Classification Tree ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Individual

We investigated what degree of risk of infection with COVID-19 is necessary so that people intend to stay home, even when doing so means losing their salary. We conducted an online survey across Brazil during the initial outbreak, in which 8,345 participants answered a questionnaire designed to identify the maximum tolerated risk (k’) necessary for them to disregard social distancing recommendations and guarantee their salaries. Generalized linear mixed models, path analysis structural equation, and conditional interference classification tree were performed to further understand how sociodemographic factors impact k’ and to establish a predictive model for the risk behavior of leaving home during the pandemic. We found that, on average, people tolerate 38% risk of infection to leave home and earn a full salary, but this number decreased to 13% when the individual risk perception of becoming ill from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is considered. Furthermore, participants who have a medium-to-high household income and who are older than 35 years are more likely to be part of the risk-taking group who leave home regardless of the potential COVID-19 infection level; while participants over 45 years old and with good financial health are more likely to be part of the risk-averse group, who stay home at the expense of any salary offered. Our findings add to the political and public debate concerning lockdown strategies by showing that, contrary to supposition, people with low socioeconomic status are not more likely to ignore social distancing recommendations due to personal economic matters.

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