scholarly journals Optimization of Low Site Density Area for 4G Network in Urban City

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Hajiar Yuliana ◽  
Sofyan Basuki ◽  
Salita Ulitia Prini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Space Condition ◽  
Land Access ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Site Density ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Received Power

The development of telecommunications is currently growing rapidly, especially in urban areas. To obtain optimal data services for users, the performances of 4G network services must continue to be optimized. It is known that many users are scattered in urban areas, but sometimes it is not balanced with an even distribution of the site in this area. This condition occurs because the distribution of the site is not evenly optimal distributed, either due to licensing constraints, limited land access for site development, or in terms of plans that have not been made. Balanced with the requirement of a 4G network, which is required, this "empty space" condition or low site density condition must find a solution or optimize it. Many optimization methods can optimize the area with low site density possibility. This study will optimize the area by adding a new site proposal based on coverage planning. We need to analyze Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) coverage signal distribution using Atoll Planning Software. After optimization, the RSRP level below or equal -80 dBm increased from 75.195% to 94.08%. Furthermore, the percentage calculation for inadequate coverage (below -80 dBm) decreased from 24.816% to 5.931%. This RSRP signal level also shows that the condition after optimization with a new site can improve the signal level condition from areas with low site density possibility.

4G LTE Experience: Reference Signal Received Power, Noise Ratio and Quality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gubtha Mahendra Putra ◽  
Edy Budiman ◽  
Yonatan Malewa ◽  
Dedy Cahyadi ◽  
Medi Taruk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Signal ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Power Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
4G Lte

scholarly journals Eficiencia de sistemas multiantena MU–MIMO por simulaciones de radiopropagación

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Javier Enrique Arévalo Peña
Keyword(s):  
Reference Signal ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
3Gpp Lte ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Received Power ◽  
La Red

El presente artículo tiene como propósito realizar la descripción de los resultados de simulación de radiopropagación con una antena MU{MIMO (4x4) en una red LTE (del inglés Long Term Evolution), con el fin de establecer su eciencia respecto a una antena estándar. En esta vía, se emplea la herramienta de diseño de redes inalámbricas ICS Designer en la cartografía digital de alta resolución en un escenario urbano de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Se utiliza el modelo 3GPP LTE en la simulación de la red LTE y se analizan los parametros RSRP (del inglés, Reference Signal Received Power), RSRQ (del inglés, Reference Signal Recieved Quality), SNIR (del inglés, Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio) rendimiento (Throughput) y QCI (del inglés, QoS Class Identier). Se evidencian, como consecuencia de los resultados, ventajas de las antenas MU-MIMO.

Entrepreneurial Needs for Outer Urban Co-Working Hubs

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-219
Author(s):  
Emsie Arnoldi ◽  
Vanessa Cooper ◽  
Cathy Greenfield ◽  
Rachelle Bosua ◽  
Huck Ying Ch'ng
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Activity Theory ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
City Area ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Coworking Spaces

Workspaces and workplaces have changed significantly over the last decade. Facilitated by networking and collaboration tools, there has been a steady concentration of inner-city coworking spaces providing many opportunities for new flexible work arrangements. Driven by sustainability and creative entrepreneurship, coworking spaces are ideal hosting and meeting places to connect creative minds. Despite the growth in inner city coworking spaces, little is known of entrepreneurial needs for coworking models in outer urban city areas, particularly areas that experience rapid population growth. The authors conducted an exploratory study to identify entrepreneurs' coworking needs in a fast-growing outer urban city area in Melbourne, Australia. Drawing on activity theory (AT) as a lens to analyse the data, the study confirms that entrepreneurs in fast-growing outer urban areas have unique coworking needs compared to those in inner-city areas. The study identifies three key requirements that an outer urban coworking model needs to address to support a growing cohort of outer-urban anywhere workers.

scholarly journals Analisa Kinerja Pada Perencanaan TD-LTE ADVANCED Studi Kasus Kota Bandung

AVITEC ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purusadi Hastruman ◽  
Arfianto Fahmi ◽  
Uke Kurniawan Usman
Keyword(s):  
Reference Signal ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Frequency Division ◽  
Bit Rate ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Lte Advanced ◽  
Advanced Planning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Division

In LTE Advanced technology there are two methods used in the duplexing process, there are frequency division duplex (FDD) wherein this duplexing concept communication is divided based on the frequency and the other is time division duplex (TDD) where communication is divided based on the time. Duplexing using the TDD method has advantages of handling data-based services that the majority have Non-Guarantee Bit Rate (N-GBR) characteristics because most of these services do not require a minimum bit rate to be able to work and this is an advantages because nowadays people like to use data-based services. So in this LTE Advanced network planning using the TDD method,  frequency 2300 MHz for TD-LTE advanced, and parameters that to be the main focus are throughputs, reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal strength indicator (RSSI), carrier to interference noise ratio (CINR), and block error rate (BLER). And the result of the simulations from TD-LTE Advanced planning are the mean of throughput value is 3,5 Mbps, mean of RSRP value is -110,8 dBm, mean of RSSI value is -72,36 dBm, mean of CINR value is 4,81 dB, and mean of BLER value is 0,07%.

scholarly journals Modeling the Distribution of Radiofrequency Intensities from the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) Broadcasting Transmitter in Kampala Metropolitan; Uganda

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-78
Author(s):  
Peter Opio ◽  
Akisophel Kisolo ◽  
Tumps W. Ireeta ◽  
Willy Okullo
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Loss Prediction ◽  
Path Loss Prediction ◽  
Digital Terrestrial Television ◽  
The One

This study presents the modeling of the distribution of RF intensities from the Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) broadcasting transmitter in Kampala metropolitan. To  achieve this, the performance evaluation of the different path loss propagation models and envisaging the one most suitable for Kampala metropolitan was done by comparing the path loss model values with the measured field Reference Signal Received  Power (RSRP) values. The RSRP of the DTTV broadcasting transmitter were measured at operating frequencies of 526 MHz, 638 MHz, 730 MHz and 766 MHz using the Aaronia  Spectran HF-6065 V4 spectrum analyzer, Aaronia AG HyperLOG 4025 Antenna at 1.5 m and 2.5 m heights, Aaronia GPS Logger, real time Aaronia MCS spectrum-analysis-software and   a T430s Lenovo Laptop. On comparing the measured path loss values with the various  path loss prediction model values, results showed that Egli and Davidson models are the  most accurate and reliable path loss prediction models for the distribution of DTTV RF  intensities in Kampala metropolitan, since their Root Mean Square Error values were the least for both routes.

scholarly journals Multilevel diode clamped D-Statcom for power quality improvement in distribution systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Jasti Venkata Ramesh Babu ◽  
Malligunta Kiran Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Power Quality ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
Received Power ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Result Analysis

Power quality is one big issue in power system and a big challenge for power engineers today. Electrical consumers (or otherwise load devices) expect electrical power received power should be of first-class. Bad quality in electrical power directs to fuse blowing, machine overheating, increase in distribution losses, damage to sensitive load devices and many more. DSTATCOM is one of the FACTS controllers designed to improve the quality in electrical power and thus improving the performance of distribution system. This paper presents a multilevel DSTATCOM topology to enhance power quality in power distribution system delivering high-quality power to the customer load devices. Diode-clamped structure is employed for multi-level DSTATCOM structure. ‘PQ’ based control strategy generates reference signal which is further processed through level-shifted multi-carrier PWM strategy for the generation of gate pulses to multi-level DSTATCOM structure. Simulation work of proposed system is developed and the result analysis is presented using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Performance of multi-level DSTATCOM topology is verified with fixed and variable loads.

scholarly journals AHP Decision Making Algorithm for Development of HVDC and EHVAC in Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Aranizadeh ◽  
Mehrzad Kazemi ◽  
Homayoun Barahmandpour ◽  
Hamidreza Ahady Dolatsara
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Transmission Systems ◽  
Power Transmission Systems ◽  
Bulk Power

Nowadays, as the population of urban areas increases, the need for consumption increases as well. This amount of consumption requires power generation centers with large volumes exploiting that it needs to be big enough, which guides technology towards bulk power transmission systems. In doing so, two types of power transmission systems, including HVDC and EHVAC, can be studied. However, since none of the above technologies has been used in developing countries, a decision should be made to introduce and develop any of these technologies. Applying both technologies together would not be cost-effective. A decision-making development needs the principles of conflicting purposes for alternatives and the selection of the best choice based on the needs of decision-makers. Multi-objective optimization methods may well provide a solution for this selection. Thus, this paper studies deciding on the introduction and Development of HVDC and EHVAC in a developing country, Iran. To this end, measures of this selection are described in detail, and then, AHP, one of the well-known MCDM method, is used to make the final decision.                                                                                                               

scholarly journals Measurement report: Seasonality, distribution and sources of organophosphate esters in PM<sub>2.5</sub> from an inland urban city in Southwest China

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (23) ◽  
pp. 14933-14945
Author(s):  
Hongling Yin ◽  
Jinfeng Liang ◽  
Di Wu ◽  
Shiping Li ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Southwest China ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Organophosphate Esters ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plastics Industry

Abstract. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are contaminants of emerging concern, and studies have concluded that urban areas are a significant source of OPEs. Samples were collected from six ground-based sites located in Chengdu, a typical rapidly developing metropolitan area in Southwest China, and were analyzed for seven OPEs in atmospheric PM2.5 (Σ7 OPEs). The concentrations of Σ7 OPEs in PM2.5 ranged from 5.83 to 6.91 ng m−3, with a mean of 6.6 ± 3.3 ng m−3, and the primary pollutants were tris-(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris-(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), which together made up more than 80 % of the Σ7 OPEs. The concentrations of Σ7 OPEs were higher in autumn and winter than in summer. Nonparametric tests showed that there was no significant difference in Σ7 OPE concentrations among the six sampling sites, but the occurrence of unexpectedly high levels of individual OPEs at different sites in autumn might indicate noteworthy emissions. A very strong correlation (R2 = 0.98, p < 0.01) between the OPEs in soil and in PM2.5 was observed. Backward trajectory analysis indicated that the OPEs in PM2.5 were mainly affected by local sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the OPEs in PM2.5 were largely sourced from the plastics industry, interior decoration and traffic emission (34.5 %) and the chemical, mechanical and electrical industries (27.8 %), while the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that the main sources were the plastics industry and indoor source emissions, the food and cosmetics industry and industrial emissions. In contrast to coastal cities, sustained and stable high local emissions in the studied inland city were identified, which is particularly noteworthy. Chlorinated phosphates, especially TCPP and TCEP, had a high content, and their usage and source emissions should be controlled.

scholarly journals Uncovering the Concentration Phenomenon of Vehicle Mobility in Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
BING ZOU
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
The Road ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Division Point ◽  
Vehicle Mobility ◽  
Transportation Research ◽  
First Time

Extracting the regularity of individual vehicle mobility has long been a general research topic that has numerous applications for urban management and services. In this paper, we combine vehicle mobility information extracted from vehicle identification data with a large and directed road network, to understand vehicle mobility and how it shapes the road usage profile in an urban city. We propose here a versatile method to extract the division point of vehicle mobility distribution, which is designed to observe the interesting phenomenon whereby, similar to the inequality in wealth distribution in economics, surprisingly few vehicles contribute to the larger proportion of road usage. Based on the relationship between vehicle mobility and urban roads, we reveal road usage profile (e.g. central, transit, branch, local), depending on traffic flow and vehicle mobility inequality features, in contrast to traditional topology indicators and aggregated indicators.We also validate for the first time a methodology which uncovers the road usage characteristics from the microscopic perspective of vehicles. These results allow us to create a quantitative strategy to note the few but decisive vehicles that add to traffic congestion and to put into perspective the transition from traditional aggregated approaches to individual-based practices in transportation research.

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