ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPOROFACIAL NERVE BRANCH WITHIN THE PAROTID GLAND IN VIETNAMESE ADULTS

Objectives: Describe anatomical characteristics of the temporal branch of the facial nerve within the parotid gland in Vietnamese adults. Study population: The study was conducted in 12 hemifaces (right: 7; left: 5) of Vietnamese adult cadavers (5 cadavers with both hemifaces and 2 cadavers with only hemiface). Gender: 4 male (57.1%) and 3 female (42.9%). The average age was 73.0 ± 13.39 years (52-88 years). Method: Descriptive cross-sectional with analysis. Result and Conclusion: Most of the temporofacial trunks were located within the parotid gland (81.8%); 18.2% were located behind the parotid gland. The length of the facial nerve within the parotid gland was 8.88 ± 3.55 mm (4.62 - 16.96mm). The distance from the division point of the temporofacial trunk into the temporofrontal branch and the orbital nerve branch to the line (d) [crossing through the lateral canthus (A) and the point that root of the helix intersecting with the face] and (d2) [crossing the lateral canthus and the upper point of the tragus, just above the upper edge of external auditory canal] was 36.06 ± 7.50mm (19.26- 45.34 mm) và 21.94 ± 6.28 mm (11.52- 37.20 mm).

Comparison of Feature Extraction Techniques for Pattern Classification

Pattern recognition is a challenging task in research field for the last few decades. Many researchers have worked on areas such as computer vision, speech recognition, document classification, and computational biology to tackle complex research problems. In this article, a pattern recognition problem for handwritten Malayalam character is presented. This system goes through two different stages of HCR namely, feature extraction and classification. Three feature extraction techniques – wavelet transform, zoning, division point – are used in this study. Among these, division is point is able to show best discriminative power using SVM classifier. All the experiments are conducted on size normalized and binarized images of isolated Malayalam characters.

The Crowd-Out Effect of Government Debt on Firm Leverage

Based on the data of 21 provinces from 2000 to 2018, this paper empirically examines the impact of government debt on corporate financing decisions, and finds that there is a negative correlation between government debt and corporate leverage. In large enterprises, private enterprises and enterprises in economically developed areas, the negative relationship is stronger. In order to deal with the potential endogenous problems, we use the government debt excluding the province GDP as the instrumental variable, and take the financial crisis and the 4 trillion policy as the division point to divide two periods of time as the robustness test. The results show that government debt crowds out corporate debt.

How did William J. Morgan shape the ethics of sport?

In this paper, I will argue that William J. Morgan had a decisive role and influence in the shaping of contours and field divisions of the ethics of sport, which is a sub-discipline of the philosophy of sport. In the first part, I will use six Morgan’s edited anthologies in philosophy (1979, 1987, 1995) and ethics of sport (2001, 2007, 2017) to show that in them, Morgan develops and uses a fourfold division of the fields of the ethics of sport – (1) competition and fair play, (2) human enhancements, (3) gender issues, and (4) social issues. I will also argue that these four fields of Morgan’s division have become largely accepted within the discipline as a sort of standard. To provide the rationale for the claim, I will take seven different editions of the ethics of sport, which were most considered and accepted in the field (Parry & McNamee; R. Simon; J. Boxill; McNamee; Simon, Torres & Hager). I will show that in them basically the same field division has been used, while the few detected differences are just placing more emphasis on specific topics or issues from Morgan’s earlier fourfold division. Moreover, I will use different articles on the topic from sports-philosophical literature to support my claims even further. Also, I will make a claim that the origin of Morgan’s division, as well as its strength, derives from the discipline itself or the course of the development that discipline has taken from the beginning. In the end of this part, I will deal with possible anticipated objections. In the final part, I will provide a critical overview of the Morgan’s division, point out detected problems and provide possible solutions.

Anthropometric Landmarks Extraction and Dimensions Measurement Based on ResNet

Anthropometric dimensions can be acquired in 2D images by landmarks. Body shape variance causes low accuracy and bad robustness of landmarks extracted, and it is difficult to determine the position of axis division point when dimensions are calculated by the ellipse model. In this paper, landmarks are extracted from images by convolutional neural network instead of the gradient of body outline. A general multi-ellipse model is proposed, the anthropometric dimensions are obtained from the length of different elliptical segments and the position of axis division point is determined by thickness–width ratio of body parts. Finally, an evaluation is completed based on 87 subjects, in which it turns out that the average accuracy of our method for identifying landmarks is 96.6%, when the number of rotation angles is 2, the three main dimensional errors calculated by our model are smaller than existing method, and the errors of other dimensions are also within the margin of error for garment measuring.

Interfaith Dialogue in Albania as a Model of Interreligious Harmony

Over many centuries, Albanians have been mostly followers of Islam, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy. There are also other smaller religious communities, including Muslim Bektashi, Protestantism, and Judaism. Christianity and Islam, have coexisted in Albania for centuries. Tolerance is a characteristic of Albanian people, which is probably related to their geopolitical position. Being at the intersection of East and West, Albanians were influenced by both. The lands of Albanians were the meeting and division point of the two greatest empires of the Middle Ages, the Roman and the Byzantine Empires. Experiencing many vicissitudes, this peaceful co-existence, as a national value of a small nation, has continued for centuries and is still ongoing. However, a communist government lasting from 1944 to 1991 imposed a severe prohibition of the practice of religion. The interreligious cooperation during the reopening of the first church and mosque in 1990 was an expression of tolerance despite even though the communist regime was still in power. This paper presents some essential historical facts as well as a sociological approach of the interfaith understanding among Albanians.

Uncovering the Concentration Phenomenon of Vehicle Mobility in Urban Areas

Extracting the regularity of individual vehicle mobility has long been a general research topic that has numerous applications for urban management and services. In this paper, we combine vehicle mobility information extracted from vehicle identification data with a large and directed road network, to understand vehicle mobility and how it shapes the road usage profile in an urban city. We propose here a versatile method to extract the division point of vehicle mobility distribution, which is designed to observe the interesting phenomenon whereby, similar to the inequality in wealth distribution in economics, surprisingly few vehicles contribute to the larger proportion of road usage. Based on the relationship between vehicle mobility and urban roads, we reveal road usage profile (e.g. central, transit, branch, local), depending on traffic flow and vehicle mobility inequality features, in contrast to traditional topology indicators and aggregated indicators.We also validate for the first time a methodology which uncovers the road usage characteristics from the microscopic perspective of vehicles. These results allow us to create a quantitative strategy to note the few but decisive vehicles that add to traffic congestion and to put into perspective the transition from traditional aggregated approaches to individual-based practices in transportation research.