Validasi Potensi Tsunami Berdasarkan Estimasi Durasi Patahan dan Pemodelan Tsunami di Wilayah Barat Sumatra (Studi Kasus: Gempa Bumi Nias 2005 dan Mentawai 2010)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Sayyidatul Khoiridah ◽  
Moh Ikhyatul Ibad ◽  
Wiko Setyonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Modeling ◽  
Source Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
The West ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Duration Estimation ◽  
Rupture Duration

<strong>Validation of Potential Tsunami Based on Rupture Duration Estimation and Tsunami Modeling in the West Sumatran Region (Case Study: Nias 2005 and Mentawai 2010 Earthquakes). </strong>This research was conducted in the earthquake areas in the West Sumatra to determine the characteristics of tsunami generation through estimation of rupture duration and modeling of tsunamis. The case studies were carried out at two incidents: earthquake in Nias on March 28, 2005 and in Mentawai on October 25, 2010. The purpose of this study was to estimate the characteristics of potential earthquaketriggering tsunamis in the western region of Sumatra based on the duration of rupture, which was then validated by a tsunami modeling. A method for validation was carried out by analyzing a potency of a tsunami based on the earthquake source (source modeling), the propagation of the tsunami wave (ocean modeling), and the height of the tsunami (run-up tsunami). The results showed the duration of the earthquakes in Nias rupture (2005) and Mentawai rupture (2010) were more than 50 seconds, thus, both earthquakes promoted tsunami. The results of tsunami propagation revealed that the tsunami had spread to some areas near the source of the Nias earthquake after 58 minutes and 20 seconds. The area affected by the Nias tsunami included the Salaut island, a section at northwestern Simeulue, a section at southwestern Simeulue, Babi island, Bangkuru island, Tuangku island, Singkil, Sarangbaung, Asu island, southwestern Lagundri Nias, and Northwestern Batu island. The highest tsunami hit Babi island with the magnitude of 13.80 m. Moreover, the tsunami affected the wider areas in Mentawai including the beaches of Batimonga, Ghobi, Tumale, Pasangan, Sabeugunggung, Malacopa, and Asahan with the highest value of run-up on Malacopa beach was 8.17 m.

Analisis Pemodelan Tinggi dan Waktu Tempuh Gelombang Tsunami di Pesisir Pantai Bengkulu dengan Menggunakan Data Historis Gempa Bengkulu 12 september 2007

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Dwi Pujiastuti ◽  
Rahmad Aperus ◽  
Rachmad Billyanto
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Tsunami Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Modelling ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Coast Region

<p class="ISI"><strong>Abstract</strong> Tsunami modeling research has been done on the coast of Bengkulu using software L-2008 and Travel Time Tsunami (TTT). Earthquake historical data that used in this research is the earthquake in Bengkulu on September 12, 2007 which is obtained from BMKG and the USGS. This research is aimed to determine the height (run up) and travel time of the tsunami on the coast of Bengkulu as the tsunami disaster mitigation efforts. Tsunami modelling has been done by validate the run up using tide gauge  data in the area of Padang, Muko-Muko, and Kaur.  In this research used magnitude scenario are 8 M<sub>w</sub>, 8.5 M<sub>w</sub> and 9 M<sub>w</sub>. Local tsunami effect observed were 10 areas along the coast region Bengkulu. Tsunami modeling of Bengkulu in September 12, 2007 results the run up value which is close to the run up value of the measurements. From the modelling result obtained that the quickest area impacted by the tsunami is Enggano Island   which is 27  minutes 46  seconds from earthquake.  The highest tsunami run up value is located in the Bengkulu city. The run up values by using the scenario of magnitude 8M<sub>w</sub> is  2.07 m, 8.5 M<sub>w</sub> is  4.05 m and 9 M<sub>w</sub> is 9.83 m.</p><p class="54IsiAbstractCxSpFirst"> </p><p class="54IsiAbstractCxSpLast"><strong>Keywords:</strong>   tsunami, modelling, software L-2008, software TTT, run up</p><p class="ISICxSpFirst"><strong> </strong></p><p class="ISICxSpLast"><strong>Abstrak</strong> Telah dilakukan penelitian pemodelan tsunami di pesisir Pantai Bengkulu dengan menggunakan <em>software</em><em> </em>L-2008 dan <em>Travel Time Tsunami </em>(TTT). Data historis gempa bumi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah gempa bumi Bengkulu 12 September 2007 yang diperoleh dari BMKG dan USGS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tinggi (<em>run up</em>) dan waktu tempuh gelombang tsunami di pesisir Pantai Bengkulu sebagai upaya mitigasi bencana tsunami. Sebagai validasi digunakan data <em>run up </em>stasiun <em>tide gauge yang </em>berlokasi di Padang, Muko-muko dan Kaur. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemodelan tsunami untuk mengestimasi tinggi <em>run up</em><em> </em>dan waktu tempuh penjalaran gelombang tsunami menggunakan skenario magnitudo 8 M<sub>w</sub>, 8,5 M<sub>w</sub> dan 9 M<sub>w</sub>. Sebagai titik tinjau digunakan 10  daerah di sepanjang pantai wilayah Bengkulu. Hasil pemodelan menunjukkan  bahwa nilai <em>run up</em>  tsunami  yang diperoleh mendekati nilai <em>run up</em> hasil pengukuran. Daerah dengan waktu tercepat dihantam gelombang tsunami adalah Pulau Enggano dengan waktu tempuh 27 menit dan 46 detik. <em>Run up</em> tertinggi terjadi di  Kota Bengkulu. dengan  nilai <em>run up</em> yang diperoleh adalah 2,07 m untuk skenario 8 M<sub>w</sub>, 4,05 untuk skenario 8,5 M<sub>w  </sub>dan9,83 m untuk skenario 9 M<sub>w</sub>.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci:</strong> :tsunami, pemodelan, <em>software </em>L-2008, <em>software </em>TTT, <em>run up</em></p>

scholarly journals A simple parameterization for tsunami run-up prediction

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Latifatul Cholifah ◽  
Tjipto Prastowo
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Surface Gravity Wave ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Classic Problem ◽  
Refraction Effect ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Green’S Law ◽  
Green's Law

The linear shallow-water approximation is commonly used to describe tsunami propagation, where the wave is assumed as a long surface gravity wave. The evolution of wave height during its propagation from offshore to onshore is a classic problem. When arriving at a shoreline, the increased wave height causes severe destruction on infrastructures and fatalities. This problem has then been an important issue within the context of disaster risk reduction as it gives rise to the importance of tsunami run-up prediction. Using maximum run-up data from past events, we tested the applicability of the Green’s law based on shoaling only to calculate run-ups and found that the basic Green’s law was in doubt. Then, we examined energy density conservation involving refraction effect but no dissipation and derived a simple formula for parameterizing run-up height. Detailed descriptions on factors affecting run-ups, such as complex bathymetry and topography are not yet considered in the current study. The aim of this study is therefore to determine whether the modified Green’s law is applicable for tsunami run-up prediction using local water depths as external parameters and ray spacing widths in the normal direction of wave fronts related to refraction. The results are consistent with the measured run-ups, where approximately 70% of total points of observations confirm the modified Green’s law with a reasonable accuracy.

scholarly journals High-resolution modeling of tsunami run-up flooding: a case study of flooding in Kamaishi city, Japan, induced by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1871-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Akoh ◽  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Kojima ◽  
Mahito Tomaru ◽  
Shiro Maeno
Keyword(s):  
Digital Data ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
2011 Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Building Footprint ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
The City

Abstract. Run-up processes of the 2011 Tohoku tsunami into the city of Kamaishi, Japan, were simulated numerically using 2-D shallow water equations with a new treatment of building footprints. The model imposes an internal hydraulic condition of permeable and impermeable walls at the building footprint outline on unstructured triangular meshes. Digital data of the building footprint approximated by polygons were overlaid on a 1.0 m resolution terrain model. The hydraulic boundary conditions were ascertained using conventional tsunami propagation calculation from the seismic center to nearshore areas. Run-up flow calculations were conducted under the same hydraulic conditions for several cases having different building permeabilities. Comparison of computation results with field data suggests that the case with a small amount of wall permeability gives better agreement than the case with impermeable condition. Spatial mapping of an indicator for run-up flow intensity (IF = (hU2)max, where h and U respectively denote the inundation depth and flow velocity during the flood, shows fairly good correlation with the distribution of houses destroyed by flooding. As a possible mitigation measure, the influence of the buildings on the flow was assessed using a numerical experiment for solid buildings arrayed alternately in two lines along the coast. Results show that the buildings can prevent seawater from flowing straight to the city center while maintaining access to the sea.

scholarly journals High-resolution modeling of tsunami run-up flooding: A case study of flooding in Kamaishi City, Japan, induced by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Akoh ◽  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Takashi Kojima ◽  
Mahito Tomaru ◽  
Shiro Maeno
Keyword(s):  
Digital Data ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Terrain Model ◽  
2011 Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
Building Footprint ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami ◽  
The City

Abstract. Run-up processes of 2011 Tohoku Tsunami into the city of Kamaishi, Japan, were simulated numerically using 2D shallow equations with a new treatment of building footprints. The model imposes the internal hydraulic condition of permeable/impermeable walls at the building footprint outline on unstructured triangular meshes. Digital data of the building footprint approximated by polygons were overlaid on a 1.0 m resolution terrain model. The hydraulic boundary conditions were ascertained by conventional tsunami propagation calculation from the seismic center to nearshore areas. Run-up flow calculations were conducted under the same hydraulic conditions for several cases with different building permeabilities. Comparison of computation results with field data suggests that the case with a small amount of wall permeability gives better agreement than the case of impermeable condition. Spatial mapping of an indicator for run-up flow intensity (Z = Umax × Hmax) shows fairly good correlation with the distribution of houses destroyed by flooding. Results of numerical experiments show that concrete buildings arrayed alternately in two lines can prevent seawater from flowing straight to the city center while maintaining access to the sea. The Z value was significantly lower on streets where many houses were destroyed by the 2011 Tohoku Tsunami.

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI HAZARD MAP PADANG, WEST SUMATRA: UTILIZING HIGH RESOLUTION GEOSPATIAL DATA AND RESEASONABLE SOURCE SCENARIOS

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (32) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Schlurmann ◽  
Widjo Kongko ◽  
Nils Goseberg ◽  
Danny Hilman Natawidjaja ◽  
Kerry Sieh
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Inundation Area ◽  
Western Shore ◽  
Run Up ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
The City

Near-field tsunami propagation both in shallow water environments and bore-like wave propagation on land are conducted in this study to obtain fundamental knowledge on the tsunami hazard potential in the city of Padang, Western Sumatra, Republic of Indonesia. As the region proves a huge seismic moment deficit which has progressively accumulated since the last recorded major earthquakes in 1797 and 1833, this investigation focuses on most reasonable seismic sources and possibly triggered nearshore tsunamis in order to develop upgraded disaster mitigations programs in this densely-populated urban agglomeration located on the western shore of Sumatra Island. Observations from continuous Global Positioning Satellite (cGPS) systems and supplementary coral growth studies confirm a much greater probability of occurrence that a major earthquake and subsequent tsunami are likely to strike the region in the near future. Newly surveyed and processed sets of geodata have been collected and used to progress most plausible rupture scenarios to approximate the extent and magnitudes of a further earthquake. Based upon this novel understanding, the present analysis applies two hydronumerical codes to simulate most probable tsunami run-up and subsequent inundations in the city of Padang in very fine resolution. Run-up heights and flow-depths are determined stemming from these most plausible rupture scenarios. Evaluation of outcome and performance of both numerical tools regarding impacts of surge flow and bore-like wave fronts encountering the coast and inundating the city are thoroughly carried out. Results are discussed not only for further scientific purposes, i.e. benchmark tests, but also to disseminate main findings to responsible authorities in Padang with the objective to distribute the most probable dataset of plausible tsunami inundations as well as to address valuable insights and knowledge for effective counter measures, i.e. evacuation routes and shelter building. Following evacuation simulations based on rational assumptions and simplifications reveal a most alerting result as about 260.000 people are living in the highly exposed potential tsunami inundation area in the city of Padang of which more than 90.000 people will need more than 30 min. to evacuate to safe areas.

scholarly journals Study of Intersection Coverage Area for Pedestrian Overpasses as Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami in Padang, West Sumatra

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andi Syukri
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Vertical Evacuation ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Remaining Time

Padang City, as one of the highest vulnerable from earthquake and tsunami, has been transforming to become disaster smart city. However, the inadequacy of horizontal evacuation routes is caused by numerous tremors in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2016 are indicating it is lack of occupancy for evacuee. Then, these condition is decreasing by traditional behavior evacuee are still using the vehicle and unwell planned evacuation as personally or in the community. The small number of vertical evacuation building and lack of awareness of community, and unmanaged the evacuation facilities make emergency response from earthquake and tsunami is uncontrolled in 0 – 20 minute for 30 minutes remaining time evacuate to inland in personally or community. Padang city has people density in the more than 1,317 people/km2 in the coastal area numerous potential for earthquake and tsunami risk. Pedestrian overpasses as primary facilities in many main roads in Padang City should be utilized for people to cross the road but it does not work properly but in fact, type of material, steel construction, was not durable with the climate in Padang that have coastal climate and a high number of behavior for crossing road in uncertain places. Regarding of the vulnerability in earthquake and tsunami risk, unmanaged construction and bad culture in crossing the road, pedestrian overpasses, especially in the intersection, will be redesigned to be a vertical evacuation. It will have a multifunction structure that is not simply for passing the pedestrian but also comprises remarkable facilities as a meeting point, commercial place and public facilities. Pedestrian overpasses for vertical evacuation from the tsunami will solve lack of area for construct vertical evacuation in the community. It can duplicate easily for any coastal cities that require vertical evacuation structures. Apparently, area availability will determine how vulnerable the site for vertical evacuation will suit for evacuee who living surrounding. Road intersection will be a good site for redesigning vertical evacuation Intersection of the road and have large space will be a good candidate for redesigning pedestrian overpasses as vertical evacuation structure. Road Intersection as vulnerable routes for horizontal evacuation is already happened in several occurrence of earthquake in Padang City. Based on google maps, every road will contribute a number of evacuee and mostly by using vehicle and fewer people who will evacuate by walking. The Study of coverage area intersection pedestrian overpasses as vertical evacuation from tsunami in Padang, West Sumatra will describe about how large the estimated capacity of pedestrian overpasses can be suit for vertical evacuation and how wide the area can be facilitated by this evacuation site. Remaining time of tsunami, walking space, readiness evacuation time, and time to reach upland. Those will be determined into how far the evacuee can reach the site. Based on the population density, it can observed the length of the radius can be serviced the evacuee to evacuation structure. People density will influence how large the coverage area for each site. According to this study, horizontal evacuation from tsunami in Padang city is still vulnerable for the people who living in coastal area. Bottleneck evacuation can be solved by build a vertical evacuation near by the bottleneck zone. Pedestrian overpasses for vertical evacuation is designing to accommodate the evacuee can save their life from the tsunami run up because incapability to reach inland.

scholarly journals Tsunami level disaster based on simulation scenario of earthquake modeling and seismicity in South Bali 2010-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Fatmawati Fatmawati ◽  
I Made Yuliara ◽  
Ganis Riandhita ◽  
Febriyanti Jia Kelo ◽  
Audrey Vellicia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arrival Time ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
Tsunami Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Waves ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The North ◽  
Simulation Scenario ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Bali is one of the areas prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because it is located in the meeting area of ??two plates namely the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates located in the south of Bali and a back-arc trust zone located in the north of Bali. Research has been carried out on tsunami hazard level analysis based on scenario modeling and earthquake seismicity in southern Bali. This study uses earthquake data in January 2010 - July 2018. Tsunami prone areas in southern Bali are Klungkung district, Nusa Penida, Kuta beach, Sanur beach, Tabanan and Gianyar districts. The research conducted aims to determine the level of tsunami hazard by looking at the tsunami run up and arrival time in the southern region of Bali. This simulation model uses 1427 data which is then processed using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) software so that seismicity maps are obtained, and tsunami modeling uses the Tsunami Observation and Simulation Terminal (TOAST) software. The results obtained from the tsunami modeling simulation in the form of altitude (run up) and tsunami wave arrival time (arrival time) which have an average value of 1,385 - 2,776 meters with an arrival time of 20-24 minutes. The tsunami hazard level is obtained in scenario A with a magnitude of 7.5 which has a maximum value of <1 meter (low) and scenario B with a magnitude of 7.8 has a maximum tsunami run-up value of 1-3 meters (medium) and in scenario C with a magnitude 8.0 has a maximum run-up of tsunami waves of 1 - 3 meters (medium).

scholarly journals Shoreline Changes along Northern Ibaraki Coast after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1399
Author(s):  
Quang Nguyen Hao ◽  
Satoshi Takewaka
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Sentinel 2 ◽  
Infrared Radiometer

In this study, we analyze the influence of the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on 11 March 2011, on the shoreline of the northern Ibaraki Coast. After the earthquake, the area experienced subsidence of approximately 0.4 m. Shoreline changes at eight sandy beaches along the coast are estimated using various satellite images, including the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), ALOS AVNIR-2 (Advanced Land Observing Satellite, Advanced Visible and Near-infrared Radiometer type 2), and Sentinel-2 (a multispectral sensor). Before the earthquake (for the period March 2001–January 2011), even though fluctuations in the shoreline position were observed, shorelines were quite stable, with the averaged change rates in the range of ±1.5 m/year. The shoreline suddenly retreated due to the earthquake by 20–40 m. Generally, the amount of retreat shows a strong correlation with the amount of land subsidence caused by the earthquake, and a moderate correlation with tsunami run-up height. The ground started to uplift gradually after the sudden subsidence, and shoreline positions advanced accordingly. The recovery speed of the beaches varied from +2.6 m/year to +6.6 m/year, depending on the beach conditions.

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI FORECASTING BASED ON A TSUNAMI RUN-UP RESPONSE FUNCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Juh-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer L. Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Tsunami Forecast ◽  
Earthquake Fault ◽  
Tsunami Forecasting ◽  
Fault Parameters ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Since near-field-generated tsunamis can arrive within a few minutes to coastal communities and cause immense damage to life and property, tsunami forecasting systems should provide not only accurate but also rapid tsunami run-up estimates. For this reason, most of the tsunami forecasting systems rely on pre-computed databases, which can forecast tsunamis rapidly by selecting the most closely matched scenario from the databases. However, earthquakes not included in the database can occur, and the resulting error in the tsunami forecast may be large for these earthquakes. In this study, we present a new method that can forecast near-field tsunami run-up estimates for any combination of earthquake fault parameters on a real topography in near real-time, hereafter called the Tsunami Run-up Response Function (TRRF).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/tw1D29dDxmY

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