scholarly journals Study of Intersection Coverage Area for Pedestrian Overpasses as Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami in Padang, West Sumatra

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andi Syukri
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
The Road ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Vertical Evacuation ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Remaining Time

Padang City, as one of the highest vulnerable from earthquake and tsunami, has been transforming to become disaster smart city. However, the inadequacy of horizontal evacuation routes is caused by numerous tremors in 2007, 2009, 2010, and 2016 are indicating it is lack of occupancy for evacuee. Then, these condition is decreasing by traditional behavior evacuee are still using the vehicle and unwell planned evacuation as personally or in the community. The small number of vertical evacuation building and lack of awareness of community, and unmanaged the evacuation facilities make emergency response from earthquake and tsunami is uncontrolled in 0 – 20 minute for 30 minutes remaining time evacuate to inland in personally or community. Padang city has people density in the more than 1,317 people/km2 in the coastal area numerous potential for earthquake and tsunami risk. Pedestrian overpasses as primary facilities in many main roads in Padang City should be utilized for people to cross the road but it does not work properly but in fact, type of material, steel construction, was not durable with the climate in Padang that have coastal climate and a high number of behavior for crossing road in uncertain places. Regarding of the vulnerability in earthquake and tsunami risk, unmanaged construction and bad culture in crossing the road, pedestrian overpasses, especially in the intersection, will be redesigned to be a vertical evacuation. It will have a multifunction structure that is not simply for passing the pedestrian but also comprises remarkable facilities as a meeting point, commercial place and public facilities. Pedestrian overpasses for vertical evacuation from the tsunami will solve lack of area for construct vertical evacuation in the community. It can duplicate easily for any coastal cities that require vertical evacuation structures. Apparently, area availability will determine how vulnerable the site for vertical evacuation will suit for evacuee who living surrounding. Road intersection will be a good site for redesigning vertical evacuation Intersection of the road and have large space will be a good candidate for redesigning pedestrian overpasses as vertical evacuation structure. Road Intersection as vulnerable routes for horizontal evacuation is already happened in several occurrence of earthquake in Padang City. Based on google maps, every road will contribute a number of evacuee and mostly by using vehicle and fewer people who will evacuate by walking. The Study of coverage area intersection pedestrian overpasses as vertical evacuation from tsunami in Padang, West Sumatra will describe about how large the estimated capacity of pedestrian overpasses can be suit for vertical evacuation and how wide the area can be facilitated by this evacuation site. Remaining time of tsunami, walking space, readiness evacuation time, and time to reach upland. Those will be determined into how far the evacuee can reach the site. Based on the population density, it can observed the length of the radius can be serviced the evacuee to evacuation structure. People density will influence how large the coverage area for each site. According to this study, horizontal evacuation from tsunami in Padang city is still vulnerable for the people who living in coastal area. Bottleneck evacuation can be solved by build a vertical evacuation near by the bottleneck zone. Pedestrian overpasses for vertical evacuation is designing to accommodate the evacuee can save their life from the tsunami run up because incapability to reach inland.

scholarly journals Examination of three practical run-up models for assessing tsunami impact on highly populated areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3107-3123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Muhari ◽  
F. Imamura ◽  
S. Koshimura ◽  
J. Post
Keyword(s):  
Grid Cell ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Building Height ◽  
Topographic Data ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Abstract. This paper describes the examination of three practical tsunami run-up models that can be used to assess the tsunami impact on human beings in densely populated areas. The first of the examined models applies a uniform bottom roughness coefficient throughout the study area. The second uses a very detailed topographic data set that includes the building height information integrated on a Digital Elevation Model (DEM); and the third model utilizes different bottom roughness coefficients, depending on the type of land use and on the percentage of building occupancy on each grid cell. These models were compared with each other by taking the one with the most detailed topographic data (which is the second) as reference. The analysis was performed with the aim of identifying how specific features of high resolution topographic data can influence the tsunami run-up characteristics. Further, we promote a method to be used when very detailed topographic data is unavailable and discuss the related limitations. To this purpose we demonstrate that the effect of buildings on the tsunami flow can be well modeled by using an equivalent roughness coefficient if the topographic data has no information of building height. The results from the models have been utilized to quantify the tsunami impact by using the tsunami casualty algorithm. The models have been applied in Padang city, Indonesia, which is one of the areas with the highest potential of tsunami risk in the world.

scholarly journals Conceptual Design of Pedestrian Overpasses Bridge for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami (POBET) in Padang City – West Sumatra

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Andi Syukri ◽  
Gusri Yaldi ◽  
Desmon Hamid ◽  
Lukman Murdiansyah ◽  
Aufaa Rozaan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Systems Planning ◽  
The People ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Vertical Evacuation ◽  
Evacuation Drills ◽  
The Government ◽  
Evacuation Routes

Padang City, the most populated city in West Sumatra, is considered to have one of the world’s highest tsunami risks due to its high and close offshore thrust-fault seismic hazard, its flat terrain, and its dense population, which is mostly distributed along the coast. Current preparation for a tsunami in Padang focuses on developing early warning systems, planning evacuation routes, conducting evacuation drills, and educating the public about its tsunami risk. These are necessary, but insufficient, steps. The natural warning in Padang—strong earthquake shaking that lasts over a minute—will be the first and best indicator that a tsunami is likely to strike. It is estimated that even if evacuation begins immediately after the earthquake shaking stops, more than 100,000 inhabitants of Padang will be unable to reach high ground in less than 30 minutes—the expected time between the end of the earthquake shaking and the arrival of the tsunami wave at the shore. Based on Evaluation of Tsunami Evacuation Infrastructure for Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (Veronica, et.al: 2011) concluded, based upon extensive fieldwork, that Padang’s existing tsunami evacuation capacity is grossly inadequate, and that tsunami evacuation structures are essential to protect the people of Padang. To maximize their impact and effectiveness, those tsunami evacuation structures should be locally-appropriate, feasible to build and maintain, and easy to replicate. The M7.6 earthquake that struck Padang on September 30, 2009 confirmed this critical need for tsunami evacuation infrastructure. Although the earthquake did not generate a tsunami, it did cause the collapse of many buildings that had previously been identified as satisfactory evacuation structures. The earthquake also triggered massive traffic jams, stranding people in harm’s way and demonstrating why Padang needs structures that enable more people to evacuate-in-place. Finally, it needs to design new structures to accommodate people to evacuate immediately in place. Pedestrian Overpasses Bridge for Vertical Evacuation from Tsunami (POBET) will work effectively for evacuees who get traffic jam during the tsunami inundated elapsed critical hours. The most reason for POBET need to be design is a prototype for the government to combine pedestrian overpasses bridge with vertical evacuation from tsunami. These evacuation infrastructures consider about less for land use, easy to reach, compatible for any infrastructure purposes. Rely on budget and planning, POBET would design with a smallest amount budget and effortless construction process. It can be replicate by the local government to build in any place in Padang City.

scholarly journals ANALISA RESIKO PEMBANGUNAN JALAN TOL NUSA DUA-NGURAH RAI-TANJUNG BENOA TERHADAP TSUNAMI

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Edwin Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Coastal Vulnerability ◽  
Toll Road ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

The construction of Nusa Dua – Ngurah Rai – Benoa Toll Road in coastal area which has vulnerability of tsunami so for measure the level of vulnerability use the Building TsunamiVulnerability (BTV) from Omira et al (2009), Tsunami Matrix from Sengaji and Nababan (2009),and Coastal Vulnerability Indeks (CVI) by Kumar et al (2010). The result of BTV is 30%, this value included in the class risk D1 which has meaning slight no structural damage. Then with the result showed the value is 4 and include in the class risk 4 which the meaning is high risk. Lastly,measuring with CVI model the result is 16,53 this included in the class risk moderate. We had different results, it is because the parameter and the coefficient value were calculated also different. Furthermore, the parameters tsunami run-up and the type of building materials are parameters which need to be most consider, these parameters are the most dominant factor. It can be concluded that the Nusa Dua - Ngurah Rai - Benoa toll road has vulnerability to Tsunami.Thus, we must preparing the mitigation or adaptation plan, such as, evacuation routes plan, if forece majeur happened.

scholarly journals Comparisons of Numerical Models on Formation of Sediment Deposition Induced by Tsunami Run-Up

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1015-1029
Author(s):  
Ako Yamamoto ◽  
Yuki Kajikawa ◽  
Kei Yamashita ◽  
Ryota Masaya ◽  
Ryo Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Bedload Transport ◽  
Tsunami Risk ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Sediment ◽  
Tsunami Sediments

Tsunami sediments provide direct evidence of tsunami arrival histories for tsunami risk assessments. Therefore, it is important to understand the formation process of tsunami sediment for tsunami risk assessment. Numerical simulations can be used to better understand the formation process. However, as the formation of tsunami sediments is affected by various conditions, such as the tsunami hydraulic conditions, topographic conditions, and sediment conditions, many problems remain in such simulations when attempting to accurately reproduce the tsunami sediment formation process. To solve these problems, various numerical models and methods have been proposed, but there have been few comparative studies among such models. In this study, inter-model comparisons of tsunami sediment transport models were performed to improve the reproducibility of tsunami sediment features in models. To verify the reproducibility of the simulations, the simulation results were compared with the results of sediment transport hydraulic experiments using a tsunami run-up to land. Two types of experiments were conducted: a sloping plane with and without coverage by silica sand (fixed and movable beds, respectively). The simulation results confirm that there are conditions and parameters affecting not only the amount of sediment transport, but also the distribution. In particular, the treatment of the sediment coverage ratio in a calculation grid, roughness coefficient, and bedload transport rate formula on the fixed bed within the sediment transport model are considered important.

Validasi Potensi Tsunami Berdasarkan Estimasi Durasi Patahan dan Pemodelan Tsunami di Wilayah Barat Sumatra (Studi Kasus: Gempa Bumi Nias 2005 dan Mentawai 2010)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Sayyidatul Khoiridah ◽  
Moh Ikhyatul Ibad ◽  
Wiko Setyonegoro
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Modeling ◽  
Source Modeling ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
The West ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Duration Estimation ◽  
Rupture Duration

<strong>Validation of Potential Tsunami Based on Rupture Duration Estimation and Tsunami Modeling in the West Sumatran Region (Case Study: Nias 2005 and Mentawai 2010 Earthquakes). </strong>This research was conducted in the earthquake areas in the West Sumatra to determine the characteristics of tsunami generation through estimation of rupture duration and modeling of tsunamis. The case studies were carried out at two incidents: earthquake in Nias on March 28, 2005 and in Mentawai on October 25, 2010. The purpose of this study was to estimate the characteristics of potential earthquaketriggering tsunamis in the western region of Sumatra based on the duration of rupture, which was then validated by a tsunami modeling. A method for validation was carried out by analyzing a potency of a tsunami based on the earthquake source (source modeling), the propagation of the tsunami wave (ocean modeling), and the height of the tsunami (run-up tsunami). The results showed the duration of the earthquakes in Nias rupture (2005) and Mentawai rupture (2010) were more than 50 seconds, thus, both earthquakes promoted tsunami. The results of tsunami propagation revealed that the tsunami had spread to some areas near the source of the Nias earthquake after 58 minutes and 20 seconds. The area affected by the Nias tsunami included the Salaut island, a section at northwestern Simeulue, a section at southwestern Simeulue, Babi island, Bangkuru island, Tuangku island, Singkil, Sarangbaung, Asu island, southwestern Lagundri Nias, and Northwestern Batu island. The highest tsunami hit Babi island with the magnitude of 13.80 m. Moreover, the tsunami affected the wider areas in Mentawai including the beaches of Batimonga, Ghobi, Tumale, Pasangan, Sabeugunggung, Malacopa, and Asahan with the highest value of run-up on Malacopa beach was 8.17 m.

TSUNAMI ACEH 2004 SEBAGAI DASAR PENATAAN RUANG KOTA MEULABOH

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wisyanto Wisyanto
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Building Damage ◽  
Tsunami Hazard ◽  
The Road ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Landuse Planning ◽  
The Future ◽  
Tsunami Mitigation ◽  
Potential Losses ◽  
The Impact

Tsunami which was generated by the 2004 Aceh eartquake has beenhaunting our life. The building damage due to the tsunami could be seenthroughout Meulaboh Coastal Area. Appearing of the physical loss wasclose to our fault. It was caused by the use dan plan of the land withoutconsidering a tsunami disaster threat. Learning from that event, we haveconducted a research on the pattern of damage that caused by the 2004tsunami. Based on the analysis of tsunami hazard intensity and thepattern of building damage, it has been made a landuse planning whichbased on tsunami mitigation for Meulaboh. Tsunami mitigation-based ofMeulaboh landuse planning was made by intergrating some aspects, suchas tsunami protection using pandanus greenbelt, embankment along withhigh plants and also arranging the direction of roads and setting of building forming a rhombus-shaped. The rhombus-shaped of setting of the road and building would reduce the impact of tsunamic wave. It is expected that these all comprehensive landuse planning will minimize potential losses in the future .

scholarly journals Shoreline Changes along Northern Ibaraki Coast after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1399
Author(s):  
Quang Nguyen Hao ◽  
Satoshi Takewaka
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Thermal Emission ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Great East Japan Earthquake ◽  
Shoreline Changes ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up ◽  
Sentinel 2 ◽  
Infrared Radiometer

In this study, we analyze the influence of the Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on 11 March 2011, on the shoreline of the northern Ibaraki Coast. After the earthquake, the area experienced subsidence of approximately 0.4 m. Shoreline changes at eight sandy beaches along the coast are estimated using various satellite images, including the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer), ALOS AVNIR-2 (Advanced Land Observing Satellite, Advanced Visible and Near-infrared Radiometer type 2), and Sentinel-2 (a multispectral sensor). Before the earthquake (for the period March 2001–January 2011), even though fluctuations in the shoreline position were observed, shorelines were quite stable, with the averaged change rates in the range of ±1.5 m/year. The shoreline suddenly retreated due to the earthquake by 20–40 m. Generally, the amount of retreat shows a strong correlation with the amount of land subsidence caused by the earthquake, and a moderate correlation with tsunami run-up height. The ground started to uplift gradually after the sudden subsidence, and shoreline positions advanced accordingly. The recovery speed of the beaches varied from +2.6 m/year to +6.6 m/year, depending on the beach conditions.

scholarly journals VOLCANIC ERUPTION-INDUCED TSUNAMI AT ANAK KRAKATAU VOLCANO, SUNDA STRAIT, INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kaori Nagai ◽  
Taro Arikawa ◽  
Kwanchai Pakoksung ◽  
Fumihiko Imamura ◽  
Masashi Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Volcanic Eruption ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Krakatau Volcano

On 22 December 2018, a volcanic eruption occurred at Anak Krakatau, Sunda Strait, Indonesia, which induced a tsunami. At the coastal area in the Sunda Strait, the destructive tsunami destroyed many structures and killed more than 400 people approximately 30 to 40 min after the eruption. In this event, it has been reported that many residents start to evacuate after seeing tsunami because alert of tsunami was not occurred. It is difficult to escape from a tsunami after seeing it waves, so early evacuation become important. Previously, many studies which handle Krakatau volcanic eruption induced tsunamis have been conducted. Pakoksung et al. (2019) conducted its simulation, but it was reported that the observed run-up heights and inundation depths were underestimated. Moreover, there were few studies which handle evacuation from non- seismic tsunami. The purpose of the study is to reveal the actual evacuation action from the tsunami induced by the 2018 volcanic eruption.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/ELOif7G4eNo

scholarly journals NEAR-FIELD TSUNAMI FORECASTING BASED ON A TSUNAMI RUN-UP RESPONSE FUNCTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Juh-Whan Lee ◽  
Jennifer L. Irish ◽  
Robert Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Tsunami Forecast ◽  
Earthquake Fault ◽  
Tsunami Forecasting ◽  
Fault Parameters ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Tsunami Run Up

Since near-field-generated tsunamis can arrive within a few minutes to coastal communities and cause immense damage to life and property, tsunami forecasting systems should provide not only accurate but also rapid tsunami run-up estimates. For this reason, most of the tsunami forecasting systems rely on pre-computed databases, which can forecast tsunamis rapidly by selecting the most closely matched scenario from the databases. However, earthquakes not included in the database can occur, and the resulting error in the tsunami forecast may be large for these earthquakes. In this study, we present a new method that can forecast near-field tsunami run-up estimates for any combination of earthquake fault parameters on a real topography in near real-time, hereafter called the Tsunami Run-up Response Function (TRRF).Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/tw1D29dDxmY

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