scholarly journals Influence of WPO (Waste Plastic Oil) - gasoline mixtures for emission characteristics on working spark-ignition engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Gergő Kecsmár ◽  
Tamás Koós ◽  
Zsolt Dobó
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Liquid Products ◽  
Commercial Gasoline ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

The utilization of liquid products as transportation fuel derived from the thermal decomposition of different plastic waste mixtures was investigated. The production of pyrolysis oils was performed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor utilizing polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste blends. Two different mixtures (10% PS – 60% PP – 30% HDPE; 10% PS – 30% PP – 60% HDPE) were prepared, and the influence of reflux was also studied. The pyrolysis oils were blended to commercial gasoline in the 0-100% range. It was found that each blend could be successfully used as an alternative fuel in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any prior modifications or fuel additive. However, based on the engine tests, the presence of the reflux is vital as the composition of the pyrolysis oil is closer to the commercial gasoline. The emission measurements showed increasing NOx emissions compared to neat gasoline, but, on the other side, a decrease in CO was noticed. These changes were much smaller in cases when reflux was used during oil production. Based on the obtained results, the utilization of reflux-cooling is an effective method to enhance the gasoline range hydrocarbons in the plastic waste pyrolysis oils, and therefore blending these oils to commercial gasoline might be viable.

scholarly journals Gasoline like fuel from plastic waste pyrolysis and hydrotreatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Balázs Hegedüs ◽  
Zsolt Dobó
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbons ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
The Eu

Recycling of plastic waste is desirable to lower environmental pollution and fulfil the requirements of circular economy. Energetic utilization is another possibility, however, municipal solid waste containing plastics is usually combusted to generate heat and electricity. An attractive way of dealing with plastic waste is pyrolysis, which has the potential of producing liquid hydrocarbons suitable as a transportation fuel. The pyrolysis results of three plastics produced in the largest amount globally, namely polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene as well as their mixtures are presented. The experiments were performed in a laboratory scale batch reactor. The pyrolysis oils were further processed by distillation to provide gasoline and diesel like (distillation cuts at 210 and 350 °C) hydrocarbons. The gasoline fractions were analysed by GC-MS and the composition was compared with the EU gasoline standard. It was found that the oils from PE, PP and PS contain compounds present in standard gasoline. Mixing PS with PE and PP before the pyrolysis, or the oils afterward produces much closer results to standard requirements as PS pyrolysis generates mostly aromatic content. As standard maximizes the olefin content of gasoline to 18 Vol%, hydrogenation was also performed using Pd based catalyst. The hydrogenation process significantly reduced the number of double bonds resulting in low olefin content. Results show that the pyrolysis of plastic waste mixtures containing PE, PP and PS is a viable method to produce pyrolysis oil suitable for gasoline-like fuel extraction and further hydrogenation of the product can provide gasoline fuels with low olefin content.

scholarly journals The influence of PET and PBT contamination during transportation fuel production via pyrolysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-87
Author(s):  
Zsolt Dobó ◽  
Tamara Mahner ◽  
Balázs Hegedüs ◽  
Gábor Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Transportation Fuels

The pyrolysis of plastic waste is a promising method to reduce waste accumulation while it could provide value-added transportation fuels. The main goal of this study is to investigate the influence of PET and PBT contamination during plastic pyrolysis oil production utilizing HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS mixtures as these plastics are good candidates for transportation fuel production via pyrolysis and distillation. Seven different waste blends were prepared and pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor equipped with reflux. Mass balance, gas analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and deposit formation were evaluated. It was concluded that by increasing the PET or PBT concentration in the initial solid waste mixtures, the oil production decreases while the amount of gases increases. Additionally, either PET or PBT generates operational difficulties due to they form deposits in piping system in form of benzoic acid. The maximum concentration of these plastic waste materials was 20% (PET) and 25% (PBT) in this study as further increase blocked the cross-section of piping, causing operational difficulties. Based on the obtained results the concentration of PET and PBT should be limited in waste mixtures when transportation fuel production is desired.

scholarly journals Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons from Plastic Wastes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350
Author(s):  
Zsolt Dobó ◽  
Gergő Kecsmár ◽  
Zsófia Jakab ◽  
Gábor Nagy ◽  
Tamás Koós
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Exhaust Gas Emission ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
Commercial Gasoline ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils ◽  
Fuel Blending

Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE, LDPE, PP and PS plastic wastes were performed in a batch reactor and the yields of pyrolysis oils and liquid transportation fuels prepared by atmospheric distillation were determined. The gasoline fractions were tested in a traditional spark-ignition engine without any modifications or fuel blending. Fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission (NOx, CO) were measured and compared to a commercial fuel (RON = 95). PS generated 70.5% gasoline range hydrocarbons from the solid waste, followed by PP with 42.1%, LDPE with 40.8% and HDPE with 37.3%. The fuel consumption was reduced by 9.1-9.4% in the case of PS compared to reference measurement. Reduction in fuel consumption was noticeable at HDPE, LDPE and PP as well. PS gasoline decreased by 91-96%, while HDPE, LDPE and PP more likely increased the CO emission of the engine compared to commercial gasoline. The results show that pyrolysis of plastic wastes is a promising method to generate value added liquid transportation fuels and reduce the footprint of waste accumulation in landfills.

Effect of Methanol Additive with LPG in Three Cylinder Four Stroke S.I. Engine

2014 ◽  
Vol 592-594 ◽  
pp. 1503-1509 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Somasundaram ◽  
T. Mohanraj ◽  
S. Pasupathy Raju
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Petroleum Refining ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Solenoid Valve ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Overall Performance

LPG is a mixture of gas, mainly propane and butane. It is commonly used as a fuel for cooking and as a transportation fuel. It is normally created as a by-product of petroleum refining and from the production of Natural Gas. An experiment is conducted to obtain the operating characteristics of the four stroke three cylinder inline water cooled spark ignition engine operated with LPG and methanol. The engine is started with LPG and methanol with various ratios at constant volume rate in the vaporizer. Solenoid valve was used to allow either LPG or petrol in the carburetor. The LPG supplied through the vaporizer and the quantity is metered by hanging type weighing scale. The additives are added with LPG before supplied to the vaporizer. The performance characteristics of engine were analyzed using petrol with increase in load. Further the engine run with LPG and adjusts the flow based on the mixing of additives. The best ratio of additives can be selected based on the experimental results obtained in the engine.The findings of the present research work suggest that optimum % of methanol as additive to increase the overall performance and to reduce the emission levels.

AN OVERVIEW OF SPARK IGNITION ENGINE OPERATING ON LOWER-HIGHER MOLECULAR MASS ALCOHOL BLENDED GASOLINE FUELS

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazim Sharudin ◽  
Nik Rosli Abdullah ◽  
A. M. I. Mamat ◽  
Obed M. Ali ◽  
Rizalman Mamat
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical

This paper reviews the utilization of lower and higher molecular weight alcohols as fuel for spark ignition engine. As an alternative fuel for spark ignition engine, alcohol is widely accepted as comparable to gasolin. It is due to its ability that can be produced from biological matter through the current available and new processes. Moreover, alcohol is also considered as fuel additive due to its physical and chemical properties compatible with the requirements of modern engines. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of these fuels by highlighting on the fuel properties and spark ignition engine responses. The first part of this review explains the important of alcohol fuel properties related to the engine performance and emissions, and the difference of these properties for each type of alcohol. The second part discusses recent advancements in research involving lower and higher molecular weight alcohols mainly responses from spark ignition engine.

Feasibility of bioethanol and biobutanol as transportation fuel in spark-ignition engine: a review

RSC Advances ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (121) ◽  
pp. 100184-100211 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. A. M. Yusoff ◽  
N. W. M. Zulkifli ◽  
B. M. Masum ◽  
H. H. Masjuki
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Oil Reserves

Bio-alcohols (bioethanol and biobutanol) which are produced from natural materials have emerged as promising transportation fuels because of their sustainability and environmental benefits which can reduce the dependency on crude oil reserves.

Co-effects of fuel research octane number and ethanol injection ratio on dual-fuel spark-ignition engine

2019 ◽  
pp. 146808741986658
Author(s):  
Yong Qian ◽  
Yuan Feng ◽  
Chenxu Jiang ◽  
Zilong Li ◽  
Qiyan Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Octane Number ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Ethanol Injection ◽  
Research Octane Number ◽  
Spark Timing ◽  
Commercial Gasoline ◽  
Direct Injection Spark Ignition

The combustion and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel spark-ignition engine with direct injection of gasoline surrogates and port injection of ethanol were studied. Toluene reference fuel with different research octane number namely TRF#1, TRF#2, TRF#3, TRF#4 and TRF#5 were employed as gasoline surrogates, in which TRF#1 with high octane number was to simulate commercial gasoline under direct-injection spark-ignition mode as comparison. For dual-fuel spark-ignition mode, the ethanol port-injection ratios were 21%, 25%, 29%, 32% and 35%, respectively. The results demonstrated that with the increase of the ethanol ratio, the knock-limited spark timing was advanced gradually. The emissions of hydrocarbon, ethane, propylene, isopentane, cyclohexane and aromatic hydrocarbons reduced while CO, NOx, ethylene, acetaldehyde and ethanol increased. Compared to TRF#1 in direct-injection spark-ignition mode, the indicated thermal efficiencies of dual-fuel spark-ignition mode were slightly lower under most test conditions. When direct injection of TRF#3, TRF#4, TRF#5 and the ethanol ratio was higher than 29%, some of the indicated thermal efficiencies of the engine were consistent with or higher than that of TRF#1 in direct-injection spark-ignition mode. Based on dual-fuel spark-ignition mode and with the assistance of port injection of ethanol, the indicated thermal efficiency of low research octane number fuels was comparable to that of TRF#1 in direct-injection spark-ignition mode.

Optimization of spark-ignition engine characteristics fuelled with oxygenated bio-additive (triacetin) using response surface methodology

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440892097111
Author(s):  
Mukul Tomar ◽  
Hansham Dewal ◽  
Ankit Sonthalia ◽  
Naveen Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fuel Additive ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Fuel Blends

Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has gained wide interest in recent years. However, despite the countless benefits, the enormous generation of glycerol-waste and higher production costs have been causing severe challenges to both the environment and the biodiesel economy’s survival. With the focus on maintaining its sustainability, the proper valorization of the crude glycerol is of vital importance. The objective of the present study is to harness and transform glycerol (a by-product of biodiesel) to triacetin and utilize it further as a fuel additive for spark ignition (SI) engine. Triacetin is a valuable compound of bio-based origin, having good anti-knock properties and higher oxygen content. Test fuels containing different blends of gasoline, methanol and triacetin were prepared and compared with neat gasoline. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based multi-objective technique was selected to optimize the engine output parameters like BTE, CO, CO2, HC and NOx emissions. The results indicate that the engine operating at 1.17 kW brake power and containing 90.73% gasoline, 4.94% methanol and 4.31% triacetin (by vol.) were found to be the optimum input parameter combinations which shows maximum BTE and lowest engine exhaust emissions as compared to other fuel blends. The estimated economic analysis of small-scale plants was also carried out, revealing that about 4.2% of revenue per kg of triacetin selling can be generated by running biodiesel and triacetin production analogously. Among various alternatives probed, the acetylation of glycerol to triacetin appears to be the ideal solution. It can serve the multiple purposes of reducing vehicular emission and improving the economic viability of burgeoning biodiesel industries and creating new opportunities, livelihoods, and jobs for humanity.

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