scholarly journals Health parameters and antioxidant response in Black Sea whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1840) parasitized by nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rud., 1802)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-709
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Skuratovskaya ◽  
Ekaterina Skuratovskaya ◽  
Andrey Zav'yalov ◽  
Irina Rudneva
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Merlangius Merlangus ◽  
Hysterothylacium Aduncum

Biometrical and biochemical parameters in healthy and parasitized by nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum Black Sea whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus were studied. The increase of hepatosomatic index and decrease of spleen index in infected fish were found, while condition factor was similar in both groups. Antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)) were higher in red blood cells in the parasitized fish as compared with the healthy animals. In the liver, the antioxidant response was not uniform: activities of SOD and GST decreased and activities of PER, GR and CAT increased in the infected individuals. The obtained results reflect host defense against oxidative stress caused parasitic infection. The tissue specific fluctuations of antioxidant response in parasitized and healthy fish are discussed. Data in this study can be used for understanding the defense mechanisms of fish against parasites.

scholarly journals The Influence of Parasitic Infection on the Black Sea Whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Gadidae), Morphophysiological and Biochemical Parameters

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Skuratovskaya ◽  
V. M. Yurakhno ◽  
A. V. Zavyalov
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Average Intensity ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Merlangius Merlangus

Abstract Complex influence of infection by myxosporeans Myxidium gadi Georgevitsch, 1916; Ceratomyxa merlangi Zaika, 1966 and nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) on the morphophysiological and biochemical parameters of the Black sea whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Nordmann, 1840) were studied. Significant decrease of spleenosomatic index and increase of hepatosomatic index in fish with average and high intensity of infection were found. The dependence of hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities on intensity of infection was observed. Increase of superoxidismutase, catalase, glutation-S-transferase activities in fish with average and high intensity of infection and decrease of peroxidase activity in specimens with average intensity of infection were shown.

scholarly journals Toxin-Pathogen Synergy Reshaping Detoxification and Antioxidant Defense Mechanism of Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor)

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed AlJabr ◽  
Abid Hussain ◽  
Muhammad Rizwan-ul-haq
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Detoxification Enzymes ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Biological Index ◽  
Joint Application ◽  
New Strategy

Current study reveals the likelihood to use pathogen and toxin mutually as an effective and eco-friendly strategy for Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) management, which could reduce toxicant dose and host killing time. Therefore, phytol and Beauveria bassiana in different proportions were evaluated to determine their effectiveness. Prior to ascertaining host mortality and defense mechanisms, we have recorded in vitro action of phytol using different concentrations (0.70, 1.40, 2.10, 2.80, and 3.50 mg/mL) against B. bassiana suspension. In vitro compatibility assays revealed that growth parameters (vegetative growth, sporulation, and viability) of B. bassiana were least affected by the action of phytol at all tested concentrations. Biological Index of B. bassiana exhibited compatibility with phytol allowed us to conduct Joint toxicity bioassays in which phytol and spores mixed in different proportions in order to attain maximum treatment effect in terms of high mortality at low concentration under short time. Results revealed that joint-application exhibited both synergistic (treatments with higher proportions of phytol), and antagonistic interaction (treatments with higher proportions of spores) interactions. Biochemical mechanisms involved in host antioxidant and detoxification response were explored by quantifying their respective enzymatic activities. Lethality of different treatments induced different patterns of detoxification enzymes including glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Overall, the least potent treatments (20% phytol:80% spores, and 40% phytol:60% spores) established in the current study induced relatively higher GST and AchE activities. On the other hand, the most potent treatment (80% phytol:20% spores) at its maximum concentration exhibited negligible relative GST and AchE activities. Antioxidant enzyme activities of CAT and SOD measured in the current study showed moderate to complex interaction might because of toxin-pathogen remarkable synergy. This study suggested that joint application of phytol with B. bassiana spores have shown tremendous acaricidal potential and found to be promising new strategy for controlling old world date mites.

scholarly journals The effect of biofloc and clear water at low and high salinity concentration on growth performance and antioxidant response of wild juveniles of Atlantic white shrimp Penaeus setiferus

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-464
Author(s):  
Manuel Valenzuela-Jiménez ◽  
Diana Aguilera-Rivera ◽  
Wilson Wasielesky Jr. ◽  
Idelette Hernández-López ◽  
Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Redox Balance ◽  
High Water ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Water Salinity ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Clear Water ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Biomarker Response ◽  
Penaeus Setiferus

The effect of biofloc (BFT) and clear water (CW) at low (ls) and high-water salinity (hs) in wild juveniles of Penaeus setiferus were evaluated. Four treatments were implemented: hsBFT, lsBFT, hsCW, and lsCW. After 45 days, final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and survival rate (SR) were evaluated. Antioxidant activity in muscle and hepatopancreas were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation (PO). The FW and SR was low for lsCW (P < 0.05), whereas the WG and HSI was high in hsBFT and lsBFT (P < 0.05). The integrative biomarker response index (IBR) showed differences between muscle (M) and hepatopancreas (HP). Results showed an increase of SOD and CAT measured from HP for lsBFT treatment. For M, CAT and GST were high only in BFT (regardless of the water salinity). LPO determined from M and HP recorded the high values at hs and ls, respectively. The PO determined in HP showed substantial damage in BFT (regardless of the salinity), whereas the same determination from M was only important for lsCW treatment. When the analyses of variance (ANOVA) were performed, SOD, LPO, and PO were significant in response to salinity (P < 0.05). In contrast, for CAT, the higher activity was due to the rearing system and salinity interaction (P < 0.05). Results suggest that BFT could diminish the stress by stimulating the antioxidant system to maintain the redox balance through a higher enzyme activity and decrease damage in the proteins and lipids of the cells.

scholarly journals Seasonality and host-parasite interrelationship of Hysterothylacium aduncum (Nematoda) in whiting Merlangius merlangus off the southern and northern coasts of the Black Sea

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Özer ◽  
Y. M. Kornyychuk ◽  
V. Yurakhno ◽  
T. Öztürk
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Season Length ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
Merlangius Merlangus ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hysterothylacium Aduncum

SummaryIn the present study, we investigated the comparative infection levels, ecology and host-parasite interrelationship of a nematodeHysterothylacium aduncum(Rudolphi, 1802) in whiting,Merlangius merlangus(L., 1758) in southern (Sinop) and northern (Balaklava Bay) coasts of the Black Sea for the first time. Fish were collected throughout a period from May 2011 to March 2014 from local fishermen. A total of 690 fish specimens near Sinop and 423 fish near Balaklava Bay were examined for parasites.Hysterothylacium aduncumwas the only nematode species identified in the digestive tract of the Black Sea whitingMerlangius merlangus. Prevalence of infection, mean intensity and mean abundance values were determined according to season, length classes and sex of fish at both localities. These infection indices were always higher in Sinop samples than those of Balaklava Bay samples.

Major Kinds of Drug Targets in Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma G. Duschak
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
American Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Group I

American Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection commonly named Chagas disease, affects millions of people all over Latin American countries. Presently, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that the number of international infected individuals extends to 7 to 8 million, assuming that more than 10,000 deaths occur annually. The transmission of the etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, through people migrating to non-endemic world nations makes it an emergent disease. The best promising targets for trypanocidal drugs may be classified into three main groups: Group I includes the main molecular targets that are considered among specific enzymes involved in the essential processes for parasite survival, principally Cruzipain, the major antigenic parasite cysteine proteinase. Group II involves biological pathways and their key specific enzymes, such as Sterol biosynthesis pathway, among others, specific antioxidant defense mechanisms, and bioenergetics ones. Group III includes the atypical organelles /structures present in the parasite relevant clinical forms, which are absent or considerably different from those present in mammals and biological processes related to them. These can be considered potential targets to develop drugs with extra effectiveness and fewer secondary effects than the currently used therapeutics. An improved distinction between the host and the parasite targets will help fight against this neglected disease.

The size selectivity of whiting (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) caught by gillnet in the eastern Black Sea of Turkey

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 1539-1544
Author(s):  
Ferhat Kalaycı ◽  
Tuncay Yeşılçıçek
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Size Selectivity ◽  
Selectivity Curve ◽  
Merlangius Merlangus

The size selectivity of traditional gillnets for whiting, (Merlangius merlangus euxinus) was investigated in the eastern Black Sea between June 2010 and June 2011. Experimental fishing operations were carried out by using gillnets of 16, 17, 18, 20 and 22 mm mesh size. A total of 2038 specimens belonging to 16 different fish species were caught during the experiment. The Share Each Length's Catch Total method was used to fit gillnet selectivity curves. Gillnet selectivity was best described by a bi-modal selectivity curve. The modal catch sizes were estimated as 14.81, 15.74, 16.66, 18.51 and 20.37 cm for 16, 17, 18, 20 and 22 mm mesh sizes, respectively. Modal lengths and spread values increased with increasing mesh size. The majority of fish (71.8%) caught by 16 mm mesh size were less than the length at first sexual maturity.

scholarly journals Effects of Ginger Phenylpropanoids and Quercetin on Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Human BJ Fibroblasts and HaCaT Keratinocytes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ermin Schadich ◽  
Jan Hlaváč ◽  
Tereza Volná ◽  
Lakshman Varanasi ◽  
Marián Hajdúch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Hacat Keratinocytes ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Detoxification Enzyme ◽  
Downstream Target ◽  
Downstream Effector

Quercetin and phenylpropanoids are well known chemoprotective compounds identified in many plants. This study was aimed at determining their effects on activation of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response element (Nrf2-ARE) signalling pathway and expression of its important downstream effector phase II detoxification enzyme glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) in BJ foreskin fibroblasts and skin HaCaT keratinocytes. Cell lines and their corresponding Nrf2-ARE luciferase reporter cells were treated by ginger phenylpropanoids and quercetin for 10 h and the level of Nrf2 activity was subsequently determined. Both, ginger phenylpropanoids and quercetin, significantly increased the level of Nrf2 activity. Subsequent western blot analyses of proteins showed the increased expression level of glutathione-S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) in BJ cells but not in HaCaT cells. Such phenomenon of unresponsive downstream target expression in HaCaT cells was consistent with previous studies showing a constitutive expression of their GSTP1. Thus, while both ginger phenylpropanoids and quercetin have the property of increasing the level of Nrf2 both in HaCaT and in BJ cells, their effects on its downstream signalling were mediated only in BJ cells.

scholarly journals A preliminary study of fecundity of whiting, Merlangius merlangus euxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) in coast of Tirebolu (Eastern Black Sea)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Burcu Taylan ◽  
Sule Gurkan ◽  
Ertan Taskavak ◽  
Arzu Aydın Uncumusaoglu
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
The Third ◽  
Ovary Weight ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Total Fecundity ◽  
Maturation Stages ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Merlangius Merlangus

In this research, a preliminary study was carried out in January and February 2014 to determine the fecundity of the whiting species in Tirebolu, Eastern Black Sea. After the total length (cm) and weight (0.01 g) of the 70 fish specimens were measured in the laboratory, they were dissected for sex determination. Using the 20 ovaries at the third and fourth maturation stages, 3 sub-samples which is 2-5% of the total ovary weight (from the anterior, median and posterior parts of the ovary) were taken from each ovary to determine the fecundity, and hydrated oocytes were counted with gravimetric method. Total fecundity, total oocytes number in the ovary were computed with the formula F=(n×G)/g. The total length-weight values were 12.6-23.3 cm (mean 17.08±2.12) and 15.59-95.72 g (mean 41.07 ± 16.75), respectively, and total length-weight relationship was computed as W=0.0073L3.024 (R2=0.94) for the 70 fishes evaluated. Fecundity was computed as 3.247-30.534 (mean: 10.139±6.953) eggs and a linear relationship between fecundity and total length was calculated as F=0.0186L4.5631 (R2=0.70). In conclusion, the fecundity results of this prelaminar study were compared with similar studies on the whiting species from Black Sea and other seas.

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