Vom Rechten und vom Guten

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Schapp
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rule Knowledge

Abstract With Plato, ethics answer a fundamental problern of man: the desire to own more and more. In Christianity this problern finally reaches the dimension of evil. By opposing Tiermensch (man/animal) and Vernunftmensch (man/reason), Kant's moral philosophy is no Ionger related to the solution of this problem. Kant tries to constitute moral philosophy as a science. From this point of view the author discusses central notions of Kant's moral philosophy: general rule, knowledge, faith, autonomy

scholarly journals Williams on Ethics, Knowledge, and Reflection

Philosophy ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Knowledge ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
The One

The author begins with an outline of Bernard William's moral philosophy, within which he locates William's notorious doctrine that reflection can destroy ethical knowledge. He then gives a partial defence of this doctrine, exploiting an analogy between ethical judgements and tensed judgements. The basic idea is that what the passage of time does for the latter, reflection can do for the former: namely, prevent the re-adoption of an abandoned point of view (an ethical point of view in the one case, a temporal point of view in the other). In the final section the author says a little about how reflection might do this.

scholarly journals El papel de la educación en la filosofía moral de David Hume / The role of education in Hume's moral philosophy

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (30) ◽  
pp. 17-37
Author(s):  
Santiago Álvarez García
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
David Hume ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point

El presente artículo muestra cómo la crítica humeana a los fundamentos del racionalismo moral y a sus consecuencias en el terreno de las ideas educativas propició un cambio significativo en la comprensión de los objetivos de la educación moral que pasaron de buscar el perfeccionamiento de la agencia, a perseguir la perfección y el refinamiento de las capacidades del individuo como espectador y evaluador moral imparcial. Esta trasformación de la finalidad y del currículo de la educación moral será la solución que Hume ofrezca a los problemas de parcialidad derivados de la historicidad y la caducidad del general point of view como criterio último para el juicio moral. La exposición constante del educando a todas las formas históricas de la belleza, junto con la poesía, la literatura, el estudio de la historia y la filosofía, constituirán para Hume la base de esta revolución pedagógica.

Navigation of the S.S.T.

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-187
Author(s):  
J. Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Optimum Trajectory ◽  
Flight System ◽  
Actual Position

As a general rule the navigational function is aimed at determining the position of the aircraft in order to resolve three types of problem:(1) To subject the aircraft's flight path to an optimum trajectory calculated before departure or progressively adapted in course of flight to the circumstances encountered.(2) To choose at each point of the selected flight path the flight system best adapted to the safety and economy of the flight.(3) Taking into account the presence of other aircraft in the airspace, to know and make known the actual position and the information allowing provision to be made for future positions, so as to permit effective air traffic control.Departures of the actual from the chosen flight path penalize the flight by a lowering of economy (in flying time or fuel consumption). It does not seem, however, that the problems raised from this point of view by S.S.T. are by nature or in difficulty any different from those which affect conventional aircraft. Taking into account the present-day precision of navigational aids there is every reason to believe that departures of the actual flight path from the optimum flight path will introduce a penalization which it is possible to ignore when compared with the penalization due to the inaccuracy of the knowledge of the elements (winds, temperatures, pressures) which have, in fact, served to determine this optimum flight path.

scholarly journals Uncertain causation: two hunters dilemma

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-61
Author(s):  
Богдан Петрович Карнаух
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vicious Circle ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Common ◽  
Causal Nexus

According to the general principles of tort law, in order to succeed a plaintiff must prove causal nexus between the damage he or she sustained and the actions of a particular defendant. However, in some factual situations this task appears to be impossible, and the question arises whether the plaintiff should be left uncompensated or rather the general rule on proof of causation has to be relaxed. In a groundbreaking case Summers v. Tice (the facts of which are also known as ‘two hunters dilemma’), the Supreme Court of California favored the latter option. The Court shifted the burden of proof and decided that under these exceptional circumstances it is for each of the defendants to absolve himself from liability by providing evidence that he could not had caused the damage. The conclusion of the Court does not cause any doubts. However scholars dispute over the exact explanation of that conclusion, because it is the explanation that is crucial for future similar cases.The circumstances of the Summers case are thoroughly analyzed by many writers. Some suggest that even the number of defendants matters (supposing thus, that if there were three of them the court would not have reached the same conclusion). On the other hand, the character of their activity is underlined. The proponents of this point of view focus on the fact that the members of hunting party can coordinate their actions and it is this opportunity of coordination that justifies the burden shifting. The common denominator for numerous authors is spotlighting the fact that both hunters are at fault for causing the uncertainty, even though one of them might not be at fault for causing damage. However, in some other situation the uncertainty could have been caused without their fault. The author doubts if in the latter case the defendants should escape liability.The author offers the following explanation of the two hunters dilemma. Whenever it has been proven that defendants acted negligently subjecting the plaintiff to a certain type of risk and it has been proven that one of them did actually caused plaintiff’s damage, neither of the defendants can absolve himself from liability merely relying on the fact that the damage may have been caused by the other defendant. Otherwise the vicious circle will arise.

Computer Ethics

2011 ◽  
pp. 226-239
Author(s):  
A. Raghuramaraju
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
New Products ◽  
Computer Ethics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Moral Rule ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Structural Problems

This chapter introduces two distinct models of morality, namely, constitutive which is available in traditional moral philosophy and consequential which surrounds the present day computer ethics discourse. It shows how constitutive morality thoroughly rehearses possible problems arising out of new developments or introduction of new products before accepting a moral rule, whereas consequential morality, propelled by liberalism, allows freedom for new products without deliberation and attends to problems only when they arise. The chapter, looking from the point of view of constitutive morality, highlights some of the structural problems associated with computer ethics. In conclusion it suggests how societies, like India, that are not fully modern, can learn from both of these two models, thereby instituting additional terms to a new discipline like computer ethics.

Die Stimmung des Willens

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-552
Author(s):  
Jörg Noller
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Ontological Category ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Individual Self

Abstract This paper reconstructs Friedrich Schiller’s aesthetics from a compatibilist point of view. I shall argue that it is Schiller’s conception of individual self-determination that motivates his aesthetic critique of Kant’s moral philosophy. Schiller conceives of aesthetic self-determination in terms of a compatibilism between reason and nature. As such, Schiller’s aesthetics can be interpreted as an ontological category. His concepts of love, play and the aesthetic state must therefore be understood in terms of volitional structures that describe human freedom in nature, history and society.

Strokes of Luck

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Lang
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Moral Luck ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Luck Egalitarianism ◽  
Justice As Fairness ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Luck Egalitarian

Strokes of Luck offers a large-scale treatment of the role of luck in our judgements about blameworthiness and responsibility, in moral philosophy, and in principles of distributive justice, in political philosophy. It takes an ‘anti-anti-luckist’ stance on these matters, and is opposed to the influential ‘anti-luckist’ views which hold that judgements of blameworthiness, or distributive relations, should be adjusted to annul or neutralize differential luck. It provides a new reading of Bernard Williams’s famous essay ‘Moral Luck’ which emphasizes the dissimilarity of Williams’s aims from the aims of Thomas Nagel and his intellectual descendants. It contends that luck egalitarianism is a structurally flawed programme, and it argues for a revised understanding of John Rawls’s justice as fairness that interprets Rawls’s hostility to factors that are ‘arbitrary from a moral point of view’ in a novel way stationed more closely to his contractarian apparatus, and less closely to luck egalitarian concerns.

scholarly journals Legally Binding Relationships with Regard to Digital Objects of Civil Rights

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 21-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. S. Grin
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Digital Currency ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Digital Objects ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Exclusive Right

The paper, based on the analysis of the legal nature of new digital objects of civil rights (digital rights, digital currency), makes conclusions concerning possible models of contractual relations arising from object’s data.The author relies on the fact that in relation to the category “a digital right” an independent object can be recognized only in connection with the peculiarities of the form of the object (the form in which the property rights are fixed) rather than its content. Token is seen as a technical concept. i.e. a digital way of fixing property rights. The paper substantiates that the retributive disposal of the digital right (both as a utilitarian digital right and a digital financial asset), according to which the digital right acquirer in order to transfer the right in question undertakes to pay a certain amount of money, under the general rule, should be qualified as a contract for the sale of a digital right. At the same time, in each case this also refers to the transfers the subject matter of which covers the transfer of a separate property right as an object of civil rights (cashless money, a book-entry security, a law of obligation (claims)) classified by law as a digital right.From the author’s point of view, digital currency in the system of objects of civil rights can be qualified only as “other property” in compliance with the the sui generis principle. It is concluded that transactions with digital currency should be classified as non-defined contracts. Contractual legal relations aimed at exchanging various objects for digital currency, in cases not contrary to the law, by analogy of the law, can be regulated under the rules applied to the contract of sale, the exclusive right alienation agreement or license agreement. Based on the special provisions of the law, a legally binding relationship regulating the digital currency, provided the tax authorities are not informed about such possession and transactions with such an object, has features of a natural obligation.

scholarly journals Occurence of Northern Willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum Rafin.) in crop stands and fallow lands

2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Jan Winkler ◽  
Věra Zelená
Keyword(s):  
General Rule ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Phytosociological Relevés ◽  
Almost All

Northern willowherb (Epilobium ciliatum Rafin.) is a naturalized allien species occurring almost all over the territory of the Czech Republic. Evaluation of weed vegetation by means of methodology developed by Kühn (1982) took place on selected fields located in the cadastral area of Olomouc-Holice. All in all, 1360 phytosociological relevés were recorded from 1997 to 2001, on the average, one relevé per 2,7 ha. In addition to it, the occurrence of Epilobium ciliatum was recorded within an experiment with green fallow lands at Kroměříž in 2002. Every individual plant species had been assigned data on its cover and growth phases according to the BBCH scale (an universal growth phases scale for crops and weeds, Hess et al., 1997). The frequency of occurrence of Epilobium ciliatum in cereal crops is so low that it is negligible from the economic point of view and moreover, the plant is not capable of any reproduction there. In other crops (such as sugar beet, maize or alfalfa), Epilobium ciliatum either does not occur at all or its occurrence is very rare. On arable lands, it is capable of reproducing itself in rape and caraway only. In view of the fact that the frequency of its occurrence on fallow lands was very low, we do not have available a sufficient amount of data from which a general rule governing its occurrence and cover rate could be derived. Even though the agricultural lands apparently only started to be invaded by the northern willowherb, the plant is already capable of reproducing itself to some extent, which fact is of essential importance for the increase of its significance in the future.

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