Punishing the Abject Child

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Gieni
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Young Readers ◽  
Childhood Death ◽  
The Face

Justine Gieni examines the language and illustrations of Heinrich Hoffman’s 1845 picturebook Struwwelpeter, a seminal text in the genre that, on the surface at least, makes explicit use of horrifying methods of childhood death and dismemberment as a means of cautioning young readers to behave according to the strictures of its era. In her essay, however, Gieni zeroes in on the transgressive nature of Hoffman’s tales, concentrating specifically on the role of body horror in the text. Entering the debate about the book’s appropriateness for child audiences, Gieni focuses especially on the violence committed against the child’s body in the book, arguing that, through the “powers of horror,” Hoffman satirizes the pedagogical didacticism of nineteenth-century German culture and empowers young readers, allowing them to experience the thrill of derisive laughter in the face of brutal authoritarianism. She also illuminatingly considers the publication, relevance, and reception of Struwwelpeter today, discussing how it has been rebranded as a text for “knowing” adult audiences with an emphasis more on its horror than its humor, as well as the implications of such a shift in the text’s purported readership and thematic intentions.

Lesbian Perversity and Victorian Marriage: The 1864 Codrington Divorce Trial

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Vicinus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Homosexual Behavior ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Control Information ◽  
Lesbian Sexuality ◽  
The Face ◽  
Female Homosexual Behavior

How and when did society first recognize women's homoerotic bonds? Were these romantic friendships fully accepted, or were they seen as problematic? Did the women involved see themselves as lesbians? These and other questions have been raised over the past twenty years by historians of lesbian sexuality. When Lillian Faderman in her pioneering survey of European and American lesbians declared the nineteenth century as the golden age of unproblematic romantic friendships, historians quickly responded with evidence to the contrary. Much of this debate has been focused on whether or not women could be considered “lesbian” before they claimed (or had forced on them) a publicly acknowledged identity. But the modern lesbian did not appear one day fully formed in the case studies of the fin-de-siècle sexologists; rather she was already a recognizable, if shadowy, subject for gossip among the sophisticated by at least the 1840s and 1850s. By examining closely a single divorce trial, I hope to show that literary and legal elites acknowledged lesbian sexuality in a variety of complex ways. Their uneasy disapproval encompassed both a self-conscious silence in the face of evidence and a desire to control information, lest it corrupt the innocent. Yet who can define the line between the ignorant and the informed? The very public discussion of the Codrington divorce, and most especially the role of the feminist, Emily Faithfull, in alienating Helen Codrington's affections from her husband, demonstrate the recognition of female homosexual behavior.

What Kind of War Is This?

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-50
Author(s):  
Aaron Sheehan-Dean
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Face

When considering the role of war, historians often focus on war’s role as a unifier. Citizens rally to the flag and society anneals in the face of suffering and sacrifice. Even military defeat can drive this process when people build a narrative of tragedy that inspires devotion. However, this phenomenon was not the only connection between wars and nation-building. Most insurgents in mid-nineteenth-century conflicts resorted to irregular warfare, in form or another. This decision impeded their efforts to obtain political autonomy. Irregular war generated stiff counter-insurgencies from dominant powers, weakened domestic and foreign support for rebels, and diminished claims to civilizational fitness necessary for inclusion in the family of nations. The great powers of the nineteenth century did not collude about the best ways to suppress rebellion but they shared the same reactions to insurgencies nonetheless.

5. Childish things

2018 ◽  
pp. 75-85
Author(s):  
Marina Warner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Printing Technology ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Young Readers

Fairy tale hovered as a form of literature between children and adults, but in the Victorian era, the fairy way of writing became a mode of communicating moral values, political dreams, and even scientific knowledge to children. Printing technology made books with pictures one of the most exciting and successful ventures of the nineteenth century, and fairy tales began to be produced deliberately to appeal to an audience of young readers. ‘Childish things: pictures and conversations’ explains that, on the whole, the role of artists who helped create fairy tales has been neglected. It describes the re-writing of fairy tales for this younger audience. Modern fairy tales display a darkening tone.

Imprensa, raça e civilização: José de Fontes Pereira e o pensamento intelectual angolano no século XIX

Afro-Ásia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Antonio Estevam Santos
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Colonial Administration ◽  
Administrative Positions ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Political Role ◽  
The Face ◽  
Political Economic

<p>Neste trabalho, procuramos interpretar e analisar por meio dos artigos publicados nos principais periódicos de Luanda o pensamento intelectual de José de Fontes Pereira. Buscamos analisar o conjunto de reflexões deste “<em>filho do país</em>” numa articulação complexa entre imprensa, civilização, raça e a burocracia colonial. Apresentamos, também, a força da emergente imprensa angolana na segunda metade do século XIX em meio às transformações políticas, econômicas e sociais, e o papel político de José de Fontes Pereira diante das tensões raciais envolvendo as disputas por cargos administrativos em Angola.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave</strong>: imprensa - civilização - raça.</p><p><strong><em><br /></em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong>:<em> In this work, we try to interpret and analyze, through the articles published in the main periodicals of Luanda, the intellectual thinking of José de Fontes Pereira. We seek to analyze the set of reflections of this "son of the country" in a complex articulation between press, civilization, race and the colonial administration. We also present the strength of the emerging Angolan press in the second half of the nineteenth century amidst political, economic and social transformations, furthermore the political role of José de Fontes Pereira in the face of racial tensions involving disputes over administrative positions in Angola</em>.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong>:<em> press - civilization - race</em>.</p>

The Owl, the Nightingale and the Jew in the Thorn-bush: Relocating Anti-Semitism in Die Meistersinger

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Thomas Grey ◽  
Kirsten Paige
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Poetic Tradition ◽  
The Past ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Debate Poetry ◽  
Poetic Diction ◽  
Alternative Reading

AbstractFor the past twenty-five years a key piece of evidence for an anti-Semitic subtext in Wagner’s Die Meistersinger has been identified in the Grimm Brothers’ anti-Semitic tale ‘The Jew in the Thorn-bush’ and a possible allusion to this in the text of Walther’s Act I ‘trial song’. This article argues that the passages in question are better explained with reference to a medieval poetic tradition still prevalent in nineteenth-century German culture involving the vocal contest between birds, paradigmatically the owl and the nightingale. Since the twelfth century, the owl and the nightingale have debated the merits of high and low art, religious themes, social forms, poetic diction and more. The associations of pedantry and harsh, coarse vocal character with the figure of the owl maps readily onto the negative traits of Beckmesser, just as the contrasting associations of the melodious nightingale with springtime, courtship and ‘natural’ musicality align with traits of Wagner’s artist-hero, Walther von Stolzing. Rather than displacing the possible anti-Semitic reading of Beckmesser, however, this alternative reading of the Beckmesser–Walther antagonism through the lens of avian conflict or debate poetry relocates that reading within a broader discursive and figurative context, one that is more commensurate with the possible role of anti-Semitic subtexts within Wagner’s music dramas in general.

Martial Ethiopianism in Verse

Black Land ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 144-168
Author(s):  
Nadia Nurhussein
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Roman Empire ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Marcus Garvey ◽  
The Face ◽  
Modern Warfare ◽  
Occasional Verse

This chapter addresses the explosion of verse dealing with the “Ethiopian Crisis,” or the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, such as J. Harvey L. Baxter's “Sonnets for the Ethiopians” and Melvin Tolson's “The Bard of Addis Ababa.” Returning to traditional tropes of nineteenth-century Ethiopianism even in the face of modern warfare, Baxter calls upon the nation's resources of antiquity to produce a counteroffensive against the ancient Roman Empire that Mussolini looked upon with such nostalgia. It also discusses the occasional verse by lesser lights and unknown bards such as Rufus Gibson and Jay N. Hill and by important figures such as Marcus Garvey. The tenor of Garvey's elegies written in honor of fallen Ethiopian war heroes Ras Nasibu of Ogaden and Ras Desta presents a fascinating contrast to his expressed disdain for Haile Selassie. The chapter also talks about the global importance of the agitprop role of the New Times and Ethiopia News.

scholarly journals Iran and Political Modernisation in the Nineteenth Century: Parliamentarianism, Constitutionalism and Feminism in the Newspaper "Ṣūr-i Isrāfīl"

1970 ◽  
pp. 124-147
Author(s):  
Hassan Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Traditional Society ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Constitutional Revolution

The Constitutional Revolution in Iran (1906–11) was of momentous significance for the evolution of various social and political concepts that were mainly rooted in Western ideologies. During the period of this revolution the face of Iran was changed. The flourishing of free and autonomous newspapers was one of the main features of the period. The contribution of these newspapers to the social and political development of Iran and the modernisation of the realm was more obvious than that of other factors that were changing the traditional society of the country at the beginning of the twentieth century. Ṣūr-i Isrāfīl, the most influential and independent newspaper of the time, played an essential part in the process of modernisation. This article attempts to examine the role of the newspaper by analysing relevant texts published in it during the period and identifying the elements they mediated that were important to the process of change.

Questions on the role of biofilms for the adaptation of microorganisms to unfavorable environmental factors by the example of P. aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Vasily N. Afonyushkin ◽  
N. A. Donchenko ◽  
Ju. N. Kozlova ◽  
N. A. Davidova ◽  
V. Yu. Koptev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Pathogenic Potential ◽  
The Face

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widely represented species of bacteria possessing of a pathogenic potential. This infectious agent is causing wound infections, fibrotic cystitis, fibrosing pneumonia, bacterial sepsis, etc. The microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics, disinfectants, immune system responses of the body. The responses of a quorum sense of this kind of bacteria ensure the inclusion of many pathogenicity factors. The analysis of the scientific literature made it possible to formulate four questions concerning the role of biofilms for the adaptation of P. aeruginosa to adverse environmental factors: Is another person appears to be predominantly of a source an etiological agent or the source of P. aeruginosa infection in the environment? Does the formation of biofilms influence on the antibiotic resistance? How the antagonistic activity of microorganisms is realized in biofilm form? What is the main function of biofilms in the functioning of bacteria? A hypothesis has been put forward the effect of biofilms on the increase of antibiotic resistance of bacteria and, in particular, P. aeruginosa to be secondary in charcter. It is more likely a biofilmboth to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and provide topical competition in the face of food scarcity. In connection with the incompatibility of the molecular radii of most antibiotics and pores in biofilm, biofilm is doubtful to be capable of performing a barrier function for protecting against antibiotics. However, with respect to antibodies and immunocompetent cells, the barrier function is beyond doubt. The biofilm is more likely to fulfill the function of storing nutrients and providing topical competition in conditions of scarcity of food resources.

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