Factor Structure and Invariance Analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale – Revised (CESD-R) in a Brazilian Population

Introduction: The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale – Revised (CESD-R) was developed to provide an efficient screening scale for depression syndrome, mimicking the original CESD, one of the most widely used screening tools to measure depressive symptoms globally. This investigation examined the factor structure of the CESD-R with a non-clinical Brazilian population. Method: We performed exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of two adult samples, and also conducted invariance analysis by sex and place of residence of the participants. The full sample consisted of 1,427 adults, divided into two groups. The first sample (n = 400) was used for the EFA and the second sample (n = 1027) for the CFA. Results: The EFA indicated an internal structure composed of a single factor, which explained 53.2% of the variance. The CFA attested to the unidimensionality of the measure. Fit indices and reliability indicators showed values higher than expected, without modifications in the initial structure. The model was invariant in relation to the variables investigated at four different levels (configural, metric, scalar, and strict). Conclusions: Our findings support the utility of the CESD-R and suggest its validity for application to the Brazilian population in general.

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Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Long and Short Forms of the Worry Domains Questionnaire

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.25.4.239 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 239-243

Author(s):

Roberto Nuevo ◽

Andrés Losada ◽

María Márquez-González ◽

Cecilia Peñacoba

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Goodness Of Fit ◽

Factorial Validity ◽

Fit Indices ◽

Short Forms ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Future Work

The Worry Domains Questionnaire was proposed as a measure of both pathological and nonpathological worry, and assesses the frequency of worrying about five different domains: relationships, lack of confidence, aimless future, work, and financial. The present study analyzed the factor structure of the long and short forms of the WDQ (WDQ and WDQ-SF, respectively) through confirmatory factor analysis in a sample of 262 students (M age = 21.8; SD = 2.6; 86.3% females). While the goodness-of-fit indices did not provide support for the WDQ, good fit indices were found for the WDQ-SF. Furthermore, no source of misspecification was identified, thus, supporting the factorial validity of the WDQ-SF scale. Significant positive correlations between the WDQ-SF and its subscales with worry (PSWQ), anxiety (STAI-T), and depression (BDI) were found. The internal consistency was good for the total scale and for the subscales. This work provides support for the use of the WDQ-SF, and potential uses for research and clinical purposes are discussed.

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A systematic review of the latent structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) amongst adolescents

BMC Psychiatry ◽

10.1186/s12888-021-03206-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Joanna M. Blodgett ◽

Chantelle C. Lachance ◽

Brendon Stubbs ◽

Melissa Co ◽

Yu-Tzu Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Cultural Differences ◽

Factor Structure ◽

English Language ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Latent Structure ◽

Future Research ◽

Primary Analysis ◽

The Usa

Abstract Background The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a commonly used psychometric scale of depression. A four-factor structure (depressed affect, positive affect, somatic symptoms, and interpersonal difficulties) was initially identified in an American sample aged 18 to 65. Despite emerging evidence, a latent structure has not been established in adolescents. This review aimed to investigate the factor structure of the CES-D in adolescents. Methods We searched Web of Science, PsychINFO and Scopus and included peer-reviewed, original studies assessing the factor structure of the 20-item CES-D in adolescents aged ≤18. Two independent researchers screened results and extracted data. Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were primarily from school-based samples in the USA or Asia. Studies that conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 9) reported a four-factor structure consistent with the original factor structure; these studies were primarily USA-based. Conversely, studies that conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) reported distinct two or three factor structures (n = 4) and were primarily based in Asia. Limitations Studies in a non-English language and those that included individuals aged > 18 years were excluded. Ethnic or cultural differences as well as different analytical methods impacted generalisability of results. The use of CFA as the primary analysis may have biased towards a four-factor structure. Conclusions A four-factor CES-D structure was an appropriate fit for adolescents in Western countries; further research is required to determine the fit in in Asian countries. This has important implications for clinical use of the scale. Future research should consider how cultural differences shape the experience of depression in adolescents.

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Confirmatory factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury

Brain Injury ◽

10.1080/02699050600676651 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 519-527 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Stephen R. McCauley ◽

Claudia Pedroza ◽

Sharon A. Brown ◽

Corwin Boake ◽

Harvey S. Levin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiologic Studies ◽

Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Confirmatory Factor

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Psychometric properties of the Danish Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in patients with cardiac disease: results from the DenHeart survey

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes ◽

10.1186/s12955-019-1264-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Anne Vinggaard Christensen ◽

Jane K. Dixon ◽

Knud Juel ◽

Ola Ekholm ◽

Trine Bernholdt Rasmussen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Internal Consistency ◽

Convergent Validity ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Divergent Validity ◽

Hospital Anxiety ◽

Item Functioning ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Abstract Background Anxiety and depression symptoms are common among cardiac patients. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is frequently used to measure symptoms of anxiety and depression; however, no study on the validity and reliability of the scale in Danish cardiac patients has been done. The aim, therefore, was to evaluate the psychometric properties of HADS in a large sample of Danish patients with the four most common cardiac diagnoses: ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, heart failure and heart valve disease. Methods The DenHeart study was designed as a national cross-sectional survey including the HADS, SF-12 and HeartQoL and combined with data from national registers. Psychometric evaluation included analyses of floor and ceiling effects, structural validity using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and hypotheses testing of convergent and divergent validity by relating the HADS scores to the SF-12 and HeartQoL. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha, and differential item functioning by gender was examined using ordinal logistic regression. Results A total of 12,806 patients (response rate 51%) answered the HADS. Exploratory factor analysis supported the original two-factor structure of the HADS, while confirmatory factor analysis supported a three-factor structure consisting of the original depression subscale and two anxiety subscales as suggested in a previous study. There were floor effects on all items and ceiling effect on item 8. The hypotheses regarding convergent validity were confirmed but those regarding divergent validity for HADS-D were not. Internal consistency was good with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87 for HADS-A and 0.82 for HADS-D. There were no indications of noticeable differential item functioning by gender for any items. Conclusions The present study supported the evidence of convergent validity and high internal consistency for both HADS outcomes in a large sample of Danish patients with cardiac disease. There are, however, conflicting results regarding the factor structure of the scale consistent with previous research. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01926145.

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Examining the Stability of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Factor Structure in Adolescents and Young Adults With Cystic Fibrosis: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Journal of Pediatric Psychology ◽

10.1093/jpepsy/jsx155 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 625-635 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Estefany Saez-Flores ◽

Niza A Tonarely ◽

David H Barker ◽

Alexandra L Quittner

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Young Adults ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Anxiety And Depression ◽

Hospital Anxiety ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

The Stability

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Factor Structure of a Social-Emotional Screening Instrument for Preschool Children

10.31234/osf.io/ms7bq ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Luis Anunciação ◽

Chieh-Yu Chen ◽

Danilo Assis Pereira ◽

J. Landeira-Fernandez

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Multidimensional Model ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Social Emotional ◽

Social And Emotional ◽

Reliability Indicators ◽

Emotional Dimension ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

The City

Screening tools in health and education provide quick indicators that anticipate diagnostic evaluation and treatment. Faced with the socio-emotional competences of children, the Ages & Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional (ASQ:SE) was used in thepopulation of children enrolled in public pre-schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro during 2011. The objective of this work was to investigate aspects of its validity and reliability. Data from 23,334 children (50.6% boys) being an average age of 5 years old (SD: 3 months) and enrolled in 625 pre-schools were analyzed. After an intensive data analysis, the Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis, the results were favorable to the multidimensional model with a social and emotional dimension: χ2 (463) = 46363.495, p <0.001; RMSEA = 0.067; CFI = 0.918; TLI = 0.913. Reliability indicators were adequate. The results confirmedvalidity aspects of the ASQ:SE, thereby verifying its use for children aged 5 years old.

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Familism Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Sample of Caregivers of Older Adults

Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) ◽

10.1590/1982-4327e2936 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

Author(s):

Deusivania Vieira da Silva Falcão ◽

Daniel Paulson ◽

Manuel Herrera Legon ◽

Carolina Irurita-Ballesteros

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Factor Analysis ◽

Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽

Factor Structure ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Filial Obligation ◽

Satisfaction Scale ◽

Confirmatory Factor

Abstract The objective of this study was to translate and confirm the factor structure of the Familism Scale in the Brazilian Portuguese version. The sample included 716 Brazilian caregivers providing care to their own aging parents with Alzheimer’s Disease. The measures included the Familism Scale, the Filial Obligation Scale, the Life Satisfaction scale and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D). The questionnaire was individually filled online with use of the survey software package Qualtrics. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to examine the factor structure. The modified model demonstrated adequate fit (RMSEA = .063, CFI = .912). The hypotheses concerning convergence and divergence of validity from relevant variables were corroborated. These results support the use of the modified Familism Scale including twelve items and two factors with acceptable psychometric properties in a sample of Brazilian caregivers with Alzheimer’s Disease.

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Assessment of self-efficacy for caregiving in oncology: Italian validation of the caregiver inventory (CGI-I)

BMC Palliative Care ◽

10.1186/s12904-021-00849-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. Serpentini ◽

B. Guandalini ◽

G. Tosin ◽

L. Ronconi ◽

G. Cristaldi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Factor Structure ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Medical Information ◽

Short Form ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Care Recipient ◽

Fit Indices ◽

Confirmatory Factor ◽

Need Support ◽

Anxiety Depression

Abstract Background The Caregiver Inventory (CGI), a measure of self-efficacy for caregiving that takes into account aspects of caregiving that are neglected by current measures of caregiving, was translated into Italian and validated. Methods Ninety-one caregivers from a variety of locations in Italy completed the CGI-Italian (CGI-I) as well as the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Family Strain Questionnaire - Short Form (FSQ-SF). Results A confirmatory factor analysis based on the original CGI factor structure resulted in an adequate fit of the CGI-I using standard fit indices. Thus, the original factor structure was validated in the CGI-I: Managing Medical Information (α = 0.87), Caring for Care Recipient (α = 0.68), Caring for Oneself (α = 0.78), and Managing Difficult Interactions/Emotions (α = 0.55). The CGI-I total score was inversely related to anxiety (HADS, r = − 0.35, p = <.05), and depression (HADS, r = − 0.45, p = <.05). In addition, the CGI-I was inversely related to caregiver stress (FSQ-SF, r = − 0.39, p = <.05). Care of Oneself and Managing Difficult Interactions/Emotions emerged as the strongest and most robust negative relationships with anxiety, depression, and caregiver stress, which replicated, with similar constructs, findings from the original CGI. Conclusions The results of this study established the CGI-I as a reliable and valid measure of self-efficacy for caregiving. This study also confirms the importance of self-care and managing difficult communication in the process of successfully navigating the demands of caregiving and in constructing interventions for caregivers who need support.

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