Effect of firing temperature on triaxial electrical porcelain properties made from Tanzania locally sourced ceramic raw materials

Ceramic objects in whole or in fragments usually account for the majority of findings in an archaeological excavation. Thus, through examination of the values these items bear, it is possible to extract important information regarding raw materials provenance and ceramic technology. For this purpose, either traditional examination protocols could be followed, focusing on the macroscopic/morphological characteristics of the ancient object, or more sophisticated physicochemical techniques are employed. Nevertheless, there are cases where, due to the uniqueness and the significance of an object of archaeological value, sampling is impossible. Then, the available analytical tools are extremely limited, especially when molecular information and mineral phase identification is required. In this context, the results acquired from a multiphase clay ceramic dated on Early Neopalatioal period ΜΜΙΙΙΑLMIA (1750 B.C.E.–1490 B.C.E.), from the Minoan Bronze Age site at Philioremos (Crete, Greece) through the application of Raman confocal spectroscopy, a nondestructive/ noninvasive method are reported. The spectroscopic results are confirmed through the application of Xray microdiffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry. Moreover, it is demonstrated how it is made possible through the application of microRaman (μRaman) spectroscopy to examine and collect crucial information from very small inclusions in the ceramic fabric. The aim of this approach is to develop an analytical protocol based on μRaman spectroscopy, for extracting firing temperature information from other ceramic finds (figurines) where due to their uniqueness sampling and analyses through other techniques is not possible. This information can lead to dating but also to firing kiln technology extrapolations that are very significant in archaeology.

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Process and Development of Electrical Porcelain Insulator Using Edo State, Nigerian Raw Materials

International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing ◽

10.5815/ijem.2020.03.04 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 43-55

Author(s):

Temitope Peter Ologunwa ◽

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Electrical Porcelain ◽

Porcelain Insulator ◽

Edo State

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The Influence of Ferrous Metallurgy Waste in the Aktobe Region on the Frost Resistance of Ceramic Bricks Based on Low-Melting Clay

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.453 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 887 ◽

pp. 453-459

Author(s):

A.K. Kairakbaev ◽

E. S. Abdrakhimova ◽

V.Z. Abdrakhimov

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Frost Resistance ◽

Glass Phase ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Residual Moisture ◽

Chromite Ore ◽

Alkali Oxides ◽

Pass Through

The research objective is studying the effect of tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation on the phase composition and frost resistance of ceramic bricks obtained based on low-melting clay. For the study, two compositions were taken, % wt.: 1) the optimal composition ─ low-melting clay of the Ilek deposit - 70, tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation, 2) the reference composition ─ low-melting clay of the Ilek deposit - 100. Raw materials were crushed to pass through a sieve No. 1.0 mm; then, the components were thoroughly mixed. The bricks were prepared by melting at a batch moisture content of 22 %. The mold bricks were dried to a residual moisture content of 5 % max. The dried bricks were fired at temperatures, оС: 950 (the glass phase emergence), and 1,050 (the final brick firing temperature). The increased content of iron oxide (Fe2O3=12.3 %) and alkali oxides (R2O=3.2 %) in the tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation contributed to the liquid phase emergence at 950 оС. Colorless, yellowish, and brown glasses with refractive indices N within 1.50-1.54, forming as a result of melting of spars and mixed-layer clayey formations, were observed under the microscope in the studied prototypes of composition No. 1 at a firing temperature of 950 °C. In the composition No. 2, a liquid phase also emerges, but in smaller quantities. Adding tailing slurry of chromite ore beneficiation to ceramic masses contributes to the formation of anorthite and glass phase in prototypes based on low-melting clay at a firing temperature of 950 °C. An increase in the firing temperature to 1,050 °C increases the content of the glass phase and anorthite, which significantly improves the frost resistance of ceramic bricks.

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Electrical porcelain based on raw materials from the mamsk-chuisk deposits

Glass and Ceramics ◽

10.1007/bf00679958 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 47 (10) ◽

pp. 401-401

Author(s):

V. I. Strel'nikov ◽

G. A. Alfer'eva

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Electrical Porcelain

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An Archaeometric Characterization of Ancient Pottery from Huagangshan Site, Eastern Taiwan

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6569 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Ying San Liou

Keyword(s):

Amorphous Carbon ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

River Sediments ◽

Archaeological Site ◽

Point Of View ◽

Petrographic Analysis ◽

Main Stream ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Metal Age

<p>Micro-Raman spectroscopy and petrographic analysis was carried out on ancient potsherds and sediments excavated from the Huagangshan site and river sediments collected from the northern part of eastern Taiwan. The ceramic fragments analyzed, dating back to 1600-2100 B.P., are recognized to be Early Metal Age of Taiwan. The aims of this study are mainly to identify the mineralogical compositions of ceramics, to explore technical processes such as firing temperature and redox state, and to decipher the nature of clays and its raw materials source.</p><p>The results of micro-Raman analysis for ancient potsherds show the presence of 12 minerals. Quartz, anatase, amorphous carbon, hematite, and pyroxenes are the main components of tempers. In addition, amorphous carbon and hematite are the main constitutes for black- and red- hues pottery, respectively. From the point of view of manufacturing techniques, a large amount of amorphous amorphous carbon indicates that the gray-black pottery is fired under a reducing condition. On the contrary, hematite reveals an oxidizing atmosphere for red-hues pottery. The presence of quartz and anatase implies that the firing temperature is estimated to be 750-950&#176;C. A total of 66 samples, containing 23 ceramic fragments (local and imported products) and 6 sediment from cultural strata of archaeological site and 33 river sediments around the site, is implemented by petrographic analysis of thin sections. Petrographic analytic results of 23 potshards show that the proportion of clay is consistent (60.5~69.1%). The inclusions principally include quartz (polycrystalline and monocrystalline quartz), feldspar, muscovite, and volcanic, sedimentary and metamorphic lithic fragments, and quartz is the main component. In addition, the triangle map with ingredients (volcanic lithics+quartz&#65293;sedimentary lithics&#65293;metamorphic lithics) shows that the raw materials source of local and main stream pottery recognized by archaeologist is not local, but comes from a distance area (the Coastal Range). On the other hand, imported pottery indicates the raw materials source is indeed from the central and southern Central Range (some distance south of the site). The result further illustrates the vigorous exchange and/or trade activities between the populations of eastern Taiwan during the Early Metal Age (1600-2100 B.P.).</p>

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Effects of oxidation of SiC aggregates on the sintering behaviour and microstructures of SiC-CaAl12O19 composite refractories

Processing and Application of Ceramics ◽

10.2298/pac2101011s ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Yaochen Si ◽

Miao Xia ◽

Hongxia Li ◽

Honggang Sun ◽

Ang Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Firing Temperature ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Coal Slurry ◽

Refractory Materials ◽

Sintering Process ◽

Active Oxidation ◽

Passive Oxidation ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Sintering Behaviour

In order to develop chrome-free refractory materials applicable in coal slurry gasification, SiC-CaAl12O19 (SiC-CA6) composite refractories were developed and prepared by using SiC aggregates and CA6 powders as main raw materials. The sintering behaviour of the composites was investigated. After firing at different temperatures under CO atmosphere, the effects of oxidation of SiC aggregates on the sintering behaviour and microstructures of SiC-CA6 composite refractorieswere investigated. SiC-CA6 composites could not be sintered when firing temperature was lower than 1500?C. SiC had a passive oxidation and the oxidation components were able to react with CA6 to form CaAl2Si2O8. The CaAl2Si2O8 melted into liquid when sintering temperature was in the range of 1500-1600?C, which promoted the sintering process of the SiC-CA6 composites. At temperatures above 1600 ?C, an active oxidation of SiC occurred. Simultaneously, SiC could also reacted with the SiO2(s,l) to form SiO, leading to the precipitation of Al2O3 and CaO in the liquid to generate plate-like CA6. Above this temperature, the sintering of the SiC-CA6 composite refractories was affected by the growth of CA6 and oxidation of SiC. This work demonstrates that the optimal sintering temperature for the SiC-CA6 composite refractories was 1600?C.

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Effect of firing temperature on sintering of cordierite-mullite refractories from raw materials and Narathiwat clay in Thailand

Materials Today Proceedings ◽

10.1016/j.matpr.2018.02.057 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

pp. 14036-14040 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nattawut Ariyajinno ◽

Sakdipown Thiansem

Keyword(s):

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials

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Chemical and mineralogical characterization of portuguese ceramic tiles in the historic center of São Luís do Maranhão (Brazil): an approximation of the mineralogy and firing temperature of the raw materials

Rem Revista Escola de Minas ◽

10.1590/s0370-44672013000100012 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 91-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

José Manuel Rivas Mercury ◽

Domingos de Jesus Costa Pereira ◽

Nazaré do Socorro Lemos Silva Vasconcelos ◽

Aluísio Alves Cabral Jr. ◽

Romulo Simões Angélica

Keyword(s):

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Mineralogical Characterization ◽

Calcium Carbonates ◽

Historic Center ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Materials Used

This work involved the first-ever characterization of antique Portuguese ceramic wall tiles in the Historic Center of São Luis do Maranhão, Brazil. The tiles were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical analysis to identify the possible raw materials used in the fabrication process, as well as the firing temperature of these materials. The results indicate that the microstructure of these materials consists of pores of varying sizes with calcite incrustations and quartz grain sizes smaller than 500 µm distributed in a pinkish yellow matrix, which were identified by XRD as calcite, gehlenite, wollastonite, quartz, and amorphous mineral phases. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the original raw materials probably consisted of a mixture of kaolinitic clays (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O) rich in calcium carbonates and quartz, or mixtures of kaolinitic clays, quartz and calcite, which did not reach the pre-firing temperature of 950ºC.

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Preliminary Evaluation of Mukah Clay Deposits

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.620.458 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 620 ◽

pp. 458-463 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hazman Seli ◽

Japri Bujang ◽

Zainal Arifin Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Firing Temperature ◽

Raw Materials ◽

The Other ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Structural Ceramics ◽

Significant Development ◽

Mineral Phases ◽

Clay Deposits ◽

Floor Tiles

Mukah clay deposits are characterized and evaluated for their potential as industrial raw materials through chemical, mineralogical and fired body (900 to 1250o C) physical properties determinations. Results show that the main oxides in the samples are SiO2 and Al2O3, whereas the other oxides present only in small quantity. Kaolinite and quartz present as dominant mineral phases and the minor phases of muscovite, nacrite, illite also appeared in the samples. From the results of the fired properties, the significant development of densification of ceramic behaviour can be noticed at the firing temperature above 1000°C. Mukah clay demonstrated that it is most suitable to be used as raw materials for making pottery, general refractory, structural ceramics, wall and floor tiles.

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